{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:14:45Z","timestamp":1755216885786,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic small to medium vessel vasculitis. It is often associated with hepatitis B infection and classically presents with cutaneous, gastrointestinal, or nervous system involvement. We present a case of a 56-year-old male who presented with a chief complaint of painful scrotal swelling. Initial ultrasound demonstrated concern for epididymitis, and the patient was started on appropriate antibiotics without improvement of symptoms, resulting in admission. Due to continued scrotal pain, fevers, and negative infectious work-up, F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET\/CT was obtained, revealing diffuse hypermetabolic activity throughout the medium to small arterial vasculature, concerning for vasculitis. Abdominopelvic angiography confirmed the diagnosis, and the patient was started on steroids with plans to initiate cyclophosphamide. Clinical testicular involvement is a rare presentation of PAN, although it is often seen at autopsy. Previously reported cases have presented with similar scrotal pain and tenderness in addition to constitutional symptoms, as well as treatment with steroids and immunosuppressive agents. While biopsy with histopathology or angiography often serves as the gold standard for the diagnosis of PAN, this case also demonstrates the diagnostic utility of nuclear medicine with F-18 FDG PET\/CT. Polyarteritis nodosa typically demonstrates hypermetabolic activity of the small- to medium-sized vasculature on F-18 FDG PET\/CT, most often in the lower extremities. With similar findings, this case contributes to reports that show the utility of nuclear imaging in diagnosing vasculitides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjrcr\/uaaf032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T12:31:35Z","timestamp":1751373095000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyarteritis nodosa with testicular involvement: a rare case report highlighting the role of nuclear imaging and angiography in diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5147-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Owens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE 68198,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Whealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE 68198,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harvey","family":"Sekhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE 68198,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rustain","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE 68198,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE 68198,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE 68198,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.029","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of polyarteritis nodosa","volume":"48-49","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00915-6","article-title":"Imaging in vasculitis","volume":"22","author":"Guggenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.1.g01ja16151","article-title":"Polyarteritis nodosa: spectrum of angiographic findings","volume":"21","author":"Stanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41776","article-title":"2021 American College of Rheumatology\/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of polyarteritis nodosa","volume":"73","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-019-2172-y","article-title":"Polyarteritis nodosa isolated to the testis and urinary bladder in the setting of cryptorchidism: a case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B6","first-page":"985","article-title":"Isolated polyarteritis nodosa of the male reproductive system","volume":"19","author":"Persellin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330805","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa","volume":"33","author":"Lightfoot","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.6.1741675","article-title":"Radiologic findings of abdominal polyarteritis nodosa","volume":"174","author":"Jee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-06039-1","article-title":"Imaging features of 18F-FDG PET\/CT in different types of systemic vasculitis","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025080419165685000_uaaf032-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab591","article-title":"Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography findings in a first series of 10 patients with polyarteritis nodosa","volume":"61","author":"Fagart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"}],"container-title":["BJR|Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjrcr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/bjrcr\/uaaf032\/63637402\/uaaf032.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjrcr\/article-pdf\/11\/4\/uaaf032\/63637402\/uaaf032.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjrcr\/article-pdf\/11\/4\/uaaf032\/63637402\/uaaf032.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T23:17:03Z","timestamp":1754349423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjrcr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/bjrcr\/uaaf032\/8180509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjrcr\/uaaf032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7159"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2055-7159"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"article-number":"uaaf032"}}