{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T11:44:21Z","timestamp":1753875861507,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":137,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator","award":["C1519\/A28682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1519\/A28682"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome\/Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Centre for Medical Engineering at King\u2019s College London","award":["WT 203148\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT 203148\/Z\/16\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Nanomab Technology (UK) Ltd"},{"name":"NanoMab Technology (UK) Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate how anti-PD-1 treatment affects both Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and glucose metabolism within normal tissues of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients using a dual SPECT\/CT and PET\/CT imaging approach.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ten advanced NSCLC patients (NCT04436406) undergoing anti-PD-1 therapy \u00b1 chemotherapy underwent imaging at baseline and 9\u2009weeks. PD-L1 expression was measured using [99mTc]-labelled single-domain PD-L1 antibody single-photon emission computed tomography\/computed tomography ([99mTc]NM-01 SPECT\/CT). Glucose uptake was measured using [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\/computed tomography ([18F]FDG PET\/CT). Two independent observers marked regions of interest across normal organs (liver, lung, spleen, bone marrow, muscle, kidney, pancreas, left ventricular myocardium, and blood pool) to determine maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUV) at both time points. Observer agreement was measured with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No significant changes in SUVs, indicating PD-L1 expression and glucose metabolism, were detected in normal organs after 9\u2009weeks of treatment (all P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.05). No patients developed immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during the study period. Observer measurements showed excellent consistency with an ICC of 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.99-0.99).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study showed stable PD-L1 expression and glucose metabolism within normal organs in advanced NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy \u00b1 chemotherapy. Interobserver reliability between observers was excellent. Additional studies with larger patient groups and a specific focus on irAE cases are needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Advances in knowledge<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Through a dual-modality molecular imaging approach, this research provides novel insight into anti-PD-1 therapy\u2019s effects on PD-L1 expression and glucose metabolism in normal organs of NSCLC patients, demonstrating that these parameters remain stable post-treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjro\/tzaf010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T14:48:12Z","timestamp":1747147692000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of anti-PD-1 therapy on programmed death-ligand 1 expression and glucose metabolism of normal organs in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Severyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine: King\u2019s College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunice H L","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine: King\u2019s College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gitasha","family":"Chand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London, SE1 7EH,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust , London, SE1 9RT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damion","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust , London, SE1 9RT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Adamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust , London, SE1 9RT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London, SE1 7EH,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel Johnathan","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London, SE1 7EH,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary J R","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London, SE1 7EH,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"King\u2019s College London & Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 PET Centre, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust , London, SE1 7EH,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331","article-title":"PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity","volume":"26","author":"Keir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.108","article-title":"The diverse functions of the PD1 inhibitory pathway","volume":"18","author":"Sharpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101324","article-title":"Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer","volume":"29","author":"Vesely","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801005","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"378","author":"Gandhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00149","article-title":"Updated analysis of KEYNOTE-024: pembrolizumab versus platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score of 50% or greater","volume":"37","author":"Reck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071365","article-title":"PD-(L)1 inhibitors as monotherapy for the first-line treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer patients with high PD-L1 expression: a network meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Majem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200690","article-title":"Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer","volume":"366","author":"Topalian","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200694","article-title":"Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer","volume":"366","author":"Brahmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00730","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events associated with anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 treatment for malignancies: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.3923","article-title":"Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v8.i11.880","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation in colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Kawada","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Radiol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2010.11.012","article-title":"Metabolic positron emission tomography imaging in cancer detection and therapy response","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190832","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190832","article-title":"Immunotherapy-related adverse effects on 18F-FDG PET\/CT imaging","volume":"93","author":"Gandy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4171-4","article-title":"FDG PET\/CT for assessing tumour response to immunotherapy: Report on the EANM symposium on immune modulation and recent review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Aide","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11221","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S269767","article-title":"Role of GLUT-1 in the upregulation of PD-L1 expression after radiotherapy and association of PD-L1 with favourable overall survival in hypopharyngeal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B16","first-page":"154","article-title":"Preclinical development and characterisation of 99mTc-NM-01 for SPECT\/CT imaging of human PD-L1","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.224170","article-title":"Early phase I study of a 99mTc-labeled anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) single-domain antibody in SPECT\/CT assessment of PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"60","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B18"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B19","first-page":"2594","article-title":"SPECT\/CT using [99mTc]-labeled anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) single-domain antibody (NM-01) to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer: preliminary results from the PD-L1 Expression in Cancer (PECan) study","volume":"63","author":"Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.01.005","article-title":"PD-L1 is expressed by human renal tubular epithelial cells and suppresses T cell cytokine synthesis","volume":"115","author":"Ding","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013757","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013757","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis: pathophysiological characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Palaskas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-023-00990-7","article-title":"[99mTc]-labelled anti-programmed death-ligand 1 single-domain antibody SPECT\/CT: a novel imaging biomarker for myocardial PD-L1 expression","volume":"13","author":"Nazir","year":"2023","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.11.004","article-title":"PD-L1 expression in normal endocrine tissues is not increased despite high incidence of PD-1 inhibitor-associated endocrinopathies","volume":"27","author":"Pollack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4568-z","article-title":"The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake of bone marrow on PET\/CT in predicting clinical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.04.30","article-title":"Correlation of immune-related adverse events and response from immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Sung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2020.790","article-title":"The pattern of time to onset and resolution of immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: a pooled analysis of 23 clinical trials and 8,436 patients","volume":"53","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2025053019265401200_tzaf010-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S105862","article-title":"PD-L1 expression in human cancers and its association with clinical outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"}],"container-title":["BJR|Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjro\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/bjro\/tzaf010\/63166532\/tzaf010.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjro\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/tzaf010\/63166532\/tzaf010.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjro\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/tzaf010\/63166532\/tzaf010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T23:26:58Z","timestamp":1748647618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjro\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/bjro\/tzaf010\/8129568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjro\/tzaf010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2513-9878"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2513-9878"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"article-number":"tzaf010"}}