{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:09:03Z","timestamp":1789135743536,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":223,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sonographic anatomy classes can be curtailed by the availability of subjects for sensitive regional scanning. These limitations can be overcome by using anatomically realistic ultrasound phantoms (USPs). Simulation-based training with USPs also allows interventional radiology (IR) trainees to safely practice complex procedures. However, commercial phantoms are not patient-specific and involve costly, lengthy production methods. We describe a simple method for producing anatomically realistic USPs from 2D grey-scale ultrasound images using rapid direct 3D-printing technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Original sonographic images were obtained from an open-source database and by scanning student volunteers. Images were digitally modified using Inkscape, ImageJ, Blender, Meshmixer, and CHITUBOX software programs. Models were printed using resin photopolymer 3D printers. In total, 4 phantoms were made: a femoral trochlea, a pediatric appendix, an eye with retinal detachment, and a radial nerve\/brachioradialis model. The ImageJ Fiji plugin function, \u201cBlock Matching Correspondences\u201d (BMCs) was used to assess similarity between source and phantom images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All phantom images displayed BMCs with the original images (14%-43% similarity). The radial nerve model displayed the highest similarity. USPs produced with a hydrophilic swellable resin could be imaged throughout their full thickness and penetrated by a needle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, this approach can manufacture USPs from 2D ultrasound data capable of generating anatomically accurate, patient-specific sonographic images. The low cost of these models, alongside their reproducibility through rapid 3D-printing technology, makes them a highly accessible, effective tool for simulation-based IR training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Advances in knowledge<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this study presents the first anatomical USPs, which have been directly 3D-printed from a single 2D ultrasound image source.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjro\/tzag017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:58:25Z","timestamp":1786539505000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fabrication of anatomical sonographic phantoms through direct 3D-printing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5648-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne Alice","family":"Zejmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD Health Sciences Centre, Belfield , Dublin 4, D04 V1W8,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD Health Sciences Centre, Belfield , Dublin 4, D04 V1W8,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Myles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD Health Sciences Centre, Belfield , Dublin 4, D04 V1W8,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F X","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD Health Sciences Centre, Belfield , Dublin 4, D04 V1W8,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091109314862600_tzag017-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4103\/jmu.jmu_40_18","article-title":"Special ultrasound phantom for interventional training: construction, advantages, and application","volume":"26","author":"Qurash","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026091109314862600_tzag017-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220354","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220354","article-title":"Promoting simulation-based training in radiology: a homemade phantom for the practice of ultrasound-guided procedures","volume":"95","author":"Giannotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"2026091109314862600_tzag017-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-019-00257-5","article-title":"Imaging properties of additive 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