{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:30:47Z","timestamp":1790289047293,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As human spaceflight expands beyond low Earth orbit, the ability to deliver advanced surgical care in space becomes critical. Current medical provisions on board the International Space Station (ISS) are geared towards treating low-risk conditions, with a \u2018stabilize-and-evacuate\u2019 principle for more complex cases\u2014an approach that is not viable for extended missions to the Moon and Mars. This review summarizes research conducted around space surgery, with a particular focus on surgical robotics. Experiments in parabolic flight and analogue environments demonstrate that, provided the operator, patient, and instruments are restrained, surgical skill is largely unaffected by reduced gravity. Robotic surgery has primarily been explored in remote undersea habitats and in limited flight studies. There are several challenges to the implementation of surgical systems in space, including size, weight, and power constraints, communication latency, and crew training. Means of fluid and debris containment, provision of anaesthesia, and postoperative recovery in altered physiology must also be considered. The key features of an ideal space surgery robotic set-up are outlined. It should be compact, multifunctional, adaptable, reliable, and optimized in technical design and material composition for use in habitable volumes. Such systems should incorporate artificial intelligence (AI)-driven decision-making support, variable autonomy, and human-in-the-loop control. Crew members must be trained and supported to deliver and recover from surgical care in space. Cloud and edge computing will mitigate latency while expanding on-board data processing capabilities. Although not yet operationally mature, robotic surgery is a critical capability for future exploratory space missions, but requires continued multidisciplinary development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znag005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T12:37:11Z","timestamp":1769863031000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Surgery for interplanetary space missions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Raghav","family":"Khanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy\u2019s, King\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 School of Medicine, King\u2019s College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Space Agency , Didcot ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeti","family":"Sawant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences , New Delhi ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Hounon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Cloud Intelligence Group , Hangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Space Health, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakita","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Lindenroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toktam","family":"Mahmoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Telecommunications Research, King\u2019s College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Raison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Granados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Ojha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Space Agency , Didcot ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Bergeles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Breda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fundaci\u00f3 Puigvert , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Ourselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prokar","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031307355225000_znag005-B1","author":"State Historical Society of North Dakota"},{"key":"2026031307355225000_znag005-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-021-00183-3","article-title":"Robot-assisted surgery in space: pros and cons. 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