{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:25:00Z","timestamp":1787577900120,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Presacral tumours are rare, heterogeneous lesions. Historical classification systems for presacral tumours have provided a valuable framework, but were based on limited available data. This study aimed to develop a contemporary classification aligned with current tumour entities and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospectively registered systematic review of surgically managed presacral tumours published from 1975 to 2025 was combined with a retrospective multisite institutional surgical pathology review from 1986 to 2025. Pathological descriptors were extracted, cross-referenced, harmonized to current terminology, and organized through multidisciplinary expert review to obtain a new classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The systematic review identified 5997 records, of which 203 studies met the inclusion criteria and contributed 181 pathological terms after generic and unclassifiable diagnoses were removed. Review of 3606 pathology reports identified 19 additional terms, bringing the total to 200 pathological terms. After harmonization to current terminology and exclusion of non-neoplastic processes, a contemporary classification was developed using biological descriptors: developmental versus acquired origin; tissue lineage (neurogenic, osseous\/haematopoietic, soft tissue, or miscellaneous); and tumour behaviour (benign, locally recurrent without metastatic potential, locally recurrent with low metastatic potential, malignant non-sarcoma, or malignant sarcoma).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Mayo Clinic classification of presacral tumours updates historical systems by reflecting the broader, more modern spectrum of neoplasms and distinguishing lesions by lineage and biological behaviour. It may improve diagnostic clarity, communication, and selection of appropriate observation, multidisciplinary assessment, and treatment pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrag106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:21:46Z","timestamp":1784546506000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mayo Clinic classification of presacral tumors: evolution of classifications and systematic review of pathologies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"William R G","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dovile","family":"Cerkauskaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurish","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin T","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery , Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7880-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Merchea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C","family":"Cheville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rondell P","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J","family":"Dozois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B1","first-page":"449","article-title":"Surgical management of precoccygeal cysts","volume":"115","author":"Spencer","year":"1962","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553440","article-title":"Retrorectal tumors. Mayo clinic experience, 1960\u20131979","volume":"28","author":"Jao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0122-9","article-title":"Tumors of the retrorectal space","volume":"48","author":"Hobson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2350-y","article-title":"Lesions originating within the retrorectal space: a diverse group requiring individualized evaluation and surgery","volume":"17","author":"Messick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02587141","article-title":"Presacral tumors and cysts in adults","volume":"18","author":"Uhlig","year":"1975","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196406000-00008","article-title":"Management of sacrococcygeal tumors","volume":"159","author":"McCune","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02604308","article-title":"Malignant retrorectal tumors: 28 years\u2019 experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center","volume":"24","author":"Cody","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341185","article-title":"Our approach to the management of congenital presacral tumors in adults","volume":"8","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(49)90375-0","article-title":"Extragenital pelvic tumors in women","volume":"58","author":"Lovelady","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(26)02382-7","article-title":"Presacral tumors: differential diagnosis and report of case","volume":"28","author":"Mayo","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0048-2","article-title":"Retrorectal tumors: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge","volume":"48","author":"Glasgow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v4.i5.126","article-title":"Posterior approach (Kraske procedure) for surgical treatment of presacral tumors","volume":"4","author":"Aranda-Narvaez","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.334115171","article-title":"Presacral masses: multimodality imaging of a multidisciplinary space","volume":"33","author":"Hain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-1318.2002.00345.x","article-title":"Tailgut cyst associated with a pilonidal sinus: an unusual case and a review","volume":"4","author":"Satyadas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(03)00133-9","article-title":"Retrorectal cyst: a rare tumour frequently misdiagnosed","volume":"196","author":"Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e476","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12255","article-title":"Surgical resection of retrorectal tumors in adults: long-term results in 47 patients","volume":"15","author":"Ch\u00e9reau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B17","first-page":"644","article-title":"Problems in diagnosis and treatment of retrorectal tumors: our experience in 50 patients","volume":"54","author":"Maddah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13232","article-title":"Management approach and surgical strategies for retrorectal tumors: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Toh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s43159-022-00223-x","article-title":"Vertical wound closure following sacrococcygeal teratoma excision: an approachable aesthetic solution","volume":"18","author":"AbouZeid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-005-1486-6","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma in northeastern Nigeria: 18-years experience","volume":"21","author":"Abubakar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0674-y","article-title":"Safety margins in resection of sacral chordoma: analysis of 18 patients","volume":"129","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-6268-6","article-title":"Analysis of the infiltrative features of chordoma: the relationship between micro-skip metastasis and postoperative outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Akiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E185","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31827db1ba","article-title":"A new surgical technique (modified Osaka technique) of sacral resection by posterior-only approach: description and preliminary results","volume":"38","author":"Angelini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005119","article-title":"Surgical management of retrorectal tumors: a French multicentric experience of 270 consecutives cases","volume":"274","author":"Aubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930370311","article-title":"Chordoma: natural history and treatment results in 33 cases","volume":"37","author":"Azzarelli","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3393\/jksc.2011.27.6.303","article-title":"Clinical study and review of articles (Korean) about retrorectal developmental cysts in adults","volume":"27","author":"Baek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Coloproctol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1245\/ASO.2003.06.002","article-title":"Chordoma: natural history and results in 28 patients treated at a single institution","volume":"10","author":"Baratti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-024-02938-y","article-title":"Minimally invasive approach for retrorectal tumors above and below S3: a multicentric tertiary center retrospective study (MiaRT study)","volume":"28","author":"Bardol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000487542","article-title":"Preemptive delivery and immediate resection for fetuses with high-risk sacrococcygeal teratomas","volume":"45","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.05.009","article-title":"Prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratoma: a prognostic classification","volume":"41","author":"Benachi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000501)88:9<2122::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Prognostic factors in chordoma of the sacrum and mobile spine: a study of 39 patients","volume":"88","author":"Bergh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(93)90154-D","article-title":"Malignant benign neonatal sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"28","author":"Bilik","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(86)80231-7","article-title":"Teratomas in childhood: analysis of 142 cases","volume":"21","author":"Billmire","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2012.03016.x","article-title":"Tumors of the retrorectal space: management and outcome of a heterogeneous group of diseases","volume":"14","author":"Bosc\u00e0","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29994","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29994","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: long-term outcomes. A UK CCLG surgeons group nationwide study","volume":"70","author":"Braungart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.16030","article-title":"Risk of malignancy and outcomes of surgically resected presacral tailgut cysts: a current review of the Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"24","author":"Broccard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-006-0183-9","article-title":"The posterior approach for low retrorectal tumors in adults","volume":"22","author":"Buchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zrac044","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrac044","article-title":"The management of retrorectal tumors: tertiary centre retrospective study","volume":"6","author":"Burke","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/030089161309900109","article-title":"Malignant sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors in children: a 30-year experience from a single institution","volume":"99","author":"B\u00fcy\u00fckpamuk\u00e7u","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tumouri"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.15080","article-title":"Clinical management of 52 consecutive retro-rectal tumors treated at a tertiary referral centre","volume":"22","author":"Carpelan-Holmstr\u00f6m","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.95","article-title":"Prognostic factors of sacral chordoma after surgical therapy: a study of 36 patients","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638820","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2025.1638820","article-title":"Presacral tumors: a retrospective analysis of 112 cases with emphasis on diagnostic challenges and surgical outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.56238","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: clinical characteristics and long-term outcome in Nigerian children","volume":"8","author":"Chirdan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2007.10.066","article-title":"The functional sequelae of sacrococcygeal teratoma: a longitudinal and cross-sectional follow-up study","volume":"43","author":"Cozzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.07.021","article-title":"Approach and technique for cesarean section to immediate resection for high-risk sacrococcygeal teratomas","volume":"292","author":"Creden","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2023.101735","article-title":"Surgical management of neonatal sacrococcygeal teratoma in a tertiary care center of eastern Nepal: an observational cross-sectional study in a resource-limited setting","volume":"32","author":"Dahal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W350","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.0152","article-title":"Diagnosis and characterization of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma with prenatal MRI","volume":"187","author":"Danzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.61882\/wjps.14.2.56","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of retrorectal tumors: a retrospective study of 12 years\u2019 experience","volume":"14","author":"Dashti","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B50","first-page":"1592","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal germ-cell tumors\u2014the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital experience, 1980\u20131996","volume":"88","author":"Daubenton","year":"1998","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B51","first-page":"393","article-title":"Histopathological diagnosis and its correlations with anatomoclinical features, surgical approach and postoperative prognosis in sacral tumors","volume":"58","author":"David","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.10.022","article-title":"Study of the factors associated with recurrence in children with sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"41","author":"De Backer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2012.03.001","article-title":"Prognosis of malignant sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors according to their natural history and surgical management","volume":"21","author":"De Corti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-010-1445-x","article-title":"Surgical approach and oncologic outcomes following multidisciplinary management of retrorectal sarcomas","volume":"18","author":"Dozois","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0344-5","article-title":"Neurogenic tumors of the pelvis: clinicopathologic features and surgical outcomes using a multidisciplinary team","volume":"16","author":"Dozois","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-009-2322-1","article-title":"Long-term functional results following resection of neonatal sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"25","author":"Draper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B57","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Surgical treatment of retrorectal tumors: a retrospective study of a ten-year experience in three institutions","volume":"59","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-3312-x","article-title":"Laparoscopic resection of retrorectal tumors: a feasibility study in 12 consecutive patients","volume":"28","author":"Duclos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0b013e3182757860","article-title":"Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for the resection of submucosal and retrorectal tumors","volume":"23","author":"Duek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.61441","article-title":"Presacral tumors: diagnosis and treatment\u2014a challenge for a surgeon","volume":"15","author":"Dziki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198003000-00020","article-title":"Benign sacrococcygeal teratomas in infants and children: a 25 year review","volume":"191","author":"Ein","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B62","first-page":"685","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratomas in Lagos, Nigeria: relationship of age, sex, clinical type and histopathology to prognosis in 30 cases","volume":"66","author":"Elesha","year":"1989","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-023-03180-w","article-title":"Management strategy and outcomes of sacrococcygeal teratoma\u2014an Egyptian multicenter experience","volume":"21","author":"Elgendy","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678108991758","article-title":"Chordoma. A clinicopathologic and prognostic study of a Swedish national series","volume":"52","author":"Eriksson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-024-03471-0","article-title":"The management of retrorectal tumors\u2014a single-center analysis of 21 cases and overview of the literature","volume":"409","author":"Fechner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19841015)54:8<1687::AID-CNCR2820540833>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Nonseminomatous malignant germ cell tumors in children. Multidrug therapy in stages III and IV","volume":"54","author":"Flamant","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O400","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12774","article-title":"Laparoscopic excision of retrorectal tumors","volume":"16","author":"Fong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B68","first-page":"2211","article-title":"Operative management of sacral chordoma","volume":"87","author":"Fuchs","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2023.11.016","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of infantile sacrococcygeal teratoma: results from a multi-institutional retrospective observational study in Japan","volume":"59","author":"Fumino","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.05.019","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma\u2014a 25-year experience in a UK regional center","volume":"41","author":"Gabra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9080","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-023-10448-5","article-title":"Surgical treatment of retrorectal tumors: a plea for a laparoscopic approach","volume":"37","author":"Gal\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-011-1155-y","article-title":"Local recurrence after intended curative excision of presacral lesions: causes and preventions","volume":"35","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.11.040","article-title":"Variability in surveillance strategies following resection of sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"295","author":"Gil","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B74","first-page":"904","article-title":"Surgical management of sacrococcygeal region giant tumors by use of balloon occlusion abdominal aorta","volume":"26","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"goac048","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goac048","article-title":"Primary malignant tumors and malignant transformation of cysts in the retrorectal space: MRI diagnosis and treatment outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.15893","article-title":"Evolution of the management of retrorectal masses: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Gould","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gcb.2008.03.011","article-title":"Vestigial retrorectal cystic tumors in adults: a review of 30 cases","volume":"32","author":"Grandjean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.171","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratomas: clinico-pathological characteristics and isochromosome 12p status","volume":"27","author":"Gurda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10353-012-0098-3","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma\u2014a single center study of 43 years (1968\u20132011) including follow-up data and histopathological reevaluation of specimens","volume":"44","author":"Hager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.11.009","article-title":"Presacral masses and sacrococcygeal teratomas in patients with and without anorectal malformations: a single institution comparative study","volume":"54","author":"Halleran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.10.044","article-title":"Functional outcome and health-related quality of life in patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma\u2014a Swedish multicenter study","volume":"54","author":"Hambraeus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2022.101496","article-title":"Retrospective cohort study of the characteristics and outcome of surgical treatment of pelvic neurogenic and presacral tumors","volume":"28","author":"Hamdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2025.102170","article-title":"Posterior excision of benign presacral cysts: does coccygectomy reduce recurrence?","volume":"29","author":"Hammad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4274\/jpr.galenos.2024.83669","article-title":"Germ cell neoplasms of sacrococcygeal region: clinical characteristics, outcomes and analysis of recurrence after treatment; A comprehensive 20-year single center study","volume":"11","author":"Hasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2022.21306","article-title":"Clinicopathological evaluation of childhood sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors: a single-center experience","volume":"57","author":"Hasbay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(92)90398-Q","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma in Sweden between 1978 and 1989: long-term functional results","volume":"27","author":"Havr\u00e1nek","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(92)90197-F","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma in Sweden: a 10-year national retrospective study","volume":"27","author":"Havr\u00e1nek","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e31829e4e4f","article-title":"Neurological outcome following resection of benign presacral neurogenic tumors using a nerve-sparing technique","volume":"56","author":"H\u00e9bert-Blouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/81.2.156","article-title":"Subcutaneous sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymoma. A clinicopathologic study of 32 cases","volume":"81","author":"Helwig","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/89.2.139","article-title":"Tailgut cysts. Report of 53 cases","volume":"89","author":"Hjermstad","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01957.x","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: the 13-year experience of a tertiary paediatric centre","volume":"47","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13117","article-title":"Progress in the management of retrorectal tumors","volume":"18","author":"Hopper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2018.01.010","article-title":"Lymphocyte-related inflammation and immune-based scores predict prognosis of chordoma patients after radical resection","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-011-2870-z","article-title":"Posterior sagittal approach for resection of sacrococcygeal teratomas","volume":"27","author":"Jan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840601)53:11<2574::AID-CNCR2820531136>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study of sacrococcygeal chordoma","volume":"53","author":"Kaiser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.22279","article-title":"Operative management for sacrococcygeal teratoma diagnosed in utero","volume":"36","author":"Kamata","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000423","article-title":"Prognostic factors in the operative management of dedifferentiated sacral chordomas","volume":"75","author":"Kayani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.06.030","article-title":"Prognostic factors in the operative management of sacral chordomas","volume":"84","author":"Kayani","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-009-2329-7","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of surgery for malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma: 20-year experience of a regional UK centre","volume":"25","author":"Khalil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.183192","article-title":"A clinical and surgical challenge: retrorectal tumors","volume":"15","author":"Kilic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-014-0407-x","article-title":"Evaluation of pregnancy and delivery in 13 women who underwent resection of a sacrococcygeal teratoma during early childhood","volume":"14","author":"Kremer","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.07.005","article-title":"Hemorrhage is the most common cause of neonatal mortality in patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"51","author":"Kremer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.01.013","article-title":"The incidence of associated abnormalities in patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"53","author":"Kremer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74317-4","article-title":"Spinal chordoma and chondrosarcoma treatment experiences\u2014a 20-year retrospective study from databases of two medical centers","volume":"14","author":"Kuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4174\/jkss.2011.81.2.122","article-title":"Clinicopathological features of retrorectal tumors in adults: 9 years of experience in a single institution","volume":"81","author":"Kye","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Korean Surg Soc"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6797","article-title":"Prognostic value of antenatal tumour growth rate parameters in fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma: a French multicenter retrospective study","volume":"45","author":"Lebrun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B107","first-page":"216","article-title":"Presacral tumors in the female: clinical presentation, surgical management, and results","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2003.118","article-title":"Presacral tumors: a practical classification and treatment of a unique and heterogeneous group of diseases","volume":"133","author":"Lev-Chelouche","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B109","first-page":"4086","article-title":"Surgical strategy for presacral tumors: analysis of 33 cases","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-024-03332-6","article-title":"Surgical outcomes after reoperation for patients with recurrent presacral tumors: a retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181110","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1181110","article-title":"Prenatal MRI diagnosis and outcomes of abdominal or sacrococcygeal teratomas and parasitic fetuses","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639028","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.639028","article-title":"Presacral tumour: insights from a decade's experience of this rare and diverse disease","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B113","first-page":"203","article-title":"Surgical management of retrorectal tumors: a retrospective study of a 9-year experience in a single institution","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-007-1890-1","article-title":"Mature and immature teratomas: results of the first paediatric Italian study","volume":"23","author":"Curto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198005000-00006","article-title":"Abdominosacral approach for retrorectal tumors","volume":"191","author":"Localio","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2025.162412","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratomas in children and adolescents\u2014a Danish 26-year retrospective cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Siggaard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2012.02994.x","article-title":"Retrorectal tumors: optimization of surgical approach and outcome","volume":"14","author":"Macafee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(75)90276-6","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: a 33-year experience","volume":"10","author":"Mahour","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.11.017","article-title":"Outcome of antenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratomas: single-center experience (1993\u20132004)","volume":"41","author":"Makin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/15513819009067110","article-title":"Germ cell tumors in infancy and childhood: a 45-year experience","volume":"10","author":"Malogolowkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2405","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2405","article-title":"Pregnancy and long-term postnatal outcomes of congenital sacrococcygeal teratoma: a single institution's 18-year experience","volume":"116","author":"Mandelbaum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-020-04752-7","article-title":"Long-term functional outcome of sacrococcygeal teratoma after resection in neonates and infants: a single-center experience","volume":"36","author":"Masahata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6915","article-title":"Malignant risk and surgical outcomes of presacral tailgut cysts","volume":"97","author":"Mathis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709256","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.709256","article-title":"Multicenter analysis of presacral neuroendocrine neoplasms-clinicopathological characterization and treatment outcomes of a rare disease","volume":"12","author":"Matrood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e3182788c77","article-title":"The value of preoperative biopsy in the management of solid presacral tumors","volume":"56","author":"Merchea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2478\/pjs-2013-0039","article-title":"Presacral tumors: how do they compare in pediatric and adult patients?","volume":"85","author":"Messick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol Przegl Chir"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36152-9","article-title":"Urological manifestations of sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"149","author":"Milam","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E656","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f8d1f3","article-title":"Long-term results: adjuvant radiotherapy in en bloc resection of sacrococcygeal chordoma is advisable","volume":"36","author":"Moojen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00182226","article-title":"The outcome of solid tumors occurring in the neonatal-period","volume":"10","author":"Moore","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2003.04326.x","article-title":"Neurovesical dysfunction in children after treating pelvic neoplasms","volume":"92","author":"Mosiello","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-03986-w","article-title":"Surgical management of sacral schwannomas: a 21-year Mayo Clinic experience and comparative literature analysis","volume":"159","author":"Mualem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2022.00297.0042","article-title":"Surgical management of retrorectal tumors: a single-center 12 years\u2019 experience","author":"Naseri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Coloproctol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B133","first-page":"398549","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors in infancy and childhood","volume":"2015","author":"Niramis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Res Pract"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.10.051","article-title":"Clinical outcome of sacral chordoma with carbon ion radiotherapy compared with surgery","volume":"79","author":"Nishida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1995.11747788","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma in Zaria, Nigeria: report of 47 cases","volume":"15","author":"Nmadu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(81)80695-1","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors in childhood: an updated experience with 118 patients","volume":"16","author":"Noseworthy","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.9738\/INTSURG-D-15-00068.1","article-title":"Retrorectal tumors in adults: a 10-year retrospective study","volume":"100","author":"Oguz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-021-03723-w","article-title":"Chordoma: 18F-FDG PET\/CT and MRI imaging features","volume":"50","author":"Olson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23490","article-title":"Long-term outcome following surgical treatment of sacral chordoma","volume":"109","author":"Osaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-018-0784-3","article-title":"Analysis of prognostic factors for survival in patients with primary spinal chordoma using the SEER registry from 1973 to 2014","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480907500311","article-title":"Retrorectal tumors: the choice of surgical approach based on a new classification","volume":"75","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.02.059","article-title":"Sacral chordomas: impact of high-dose proton\/photon-beam radiation therapy combined with or without surgery for primary versus recurrent tumour","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12919","article-title":"Management of tailgut cysts in a tertiary referral centre: a 10-year experience","volume":"17","author":"Patsouras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12211","article-title":"High prevalence of sacrococcygeal teratoma in Finland\u2014a nationwide population-based study","volume":"102","author":"Pauniaho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2002.024","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Outcome and management. An analysis of 17 cases","volume":"30","author":"Perrelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-02186-y","article-title":"Surgical management of sporadic and schwannomatosis-associated pelvic schwannomas","volume":"46","author":"Peyre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/000313489906500203","article-title":"Presacral cysts: transrectal excision in select patients","volume":"65","author":"Pidala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B148","first-page":"289","article-title":"Does a retrorectal tumour remain a challenge for surgeons?","volume":"119","author":"Po\u0161kus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Chir Belg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.11984","article-title":"Application of the da Vinci surgical robot system in presacral nerve sheath tumour treatment","volume":"20","author":"Pu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2008.10.001","article-title":"Decision making in primary sacral tumors","volume":"9","author":"Puri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29765","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29765","article-title":"Outcomes and prognostic variables of extracranial germ cell tumors in children and adolescents treated over a decade: a developing world perspective","volume":"69","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(81)90007-5","article-title":"Treatment strategies for infants with malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"16","author":"Raney","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02722026","article-title":"Teratomas in infancy and childhood","volume":"68","author":"Rattan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475520973616","article-title":"Neonatal sacrococcygeal teratoma: our 20-year experience from a tertiary care centre in North India","volume":"51","author":"Rattan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.05.013","article-title":"Significant rate of lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with sacrococcygeal teratomas","volume":"16","author":"Rehfuss","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.19993","article-title":"The effect of cisplatin dose and surgical resection in children with malignant germ cell tumors at the sacrococcygeal region: a Pediatric Intergroup trial (POG 9049\/CCG 8882)","volume":"36","author":"Rescorla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90426-2","article-title":"Long-term outcome for infants and children with sacrococcygeal teratoma: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group","volume":"33","author":"Rescorla","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B158","first-page":"265","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: 25 year experience","volume":"84","author":"Ruangtrakool","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182213a44","article-title":"Infections in surgery of primary tumors of the sacrum","volume":"37","author":"Ruggieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1472-8","article-title":"Surgical margins and local control in resection of sacral chordomas","volume":"468","author":"Ruggieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/13577149778254","article-title":"A retrospective clinicopathological study of 37 patients with chordoma: a Danish national series","volume":"1","author":"Safwat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sarcoma"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-014-1172-6","article-title":"Surgical strategies in the management of recurrent retrorectal tumors","volume":"18","author":"Sagar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2018.12.18","article-title":"Single-center experience of 24 cases of tailgut cyst","volume":"35","author":"Sakr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Coloproctol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s43159-021-00155-y","article-title":"Differences in postoperative complications and prognosis of sacrococcygeal teratoma and presacral tumors in Currarino syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Sakurai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199310000-00008","article-title":"Operative treatment of sacrococcygeal chordoma. A review of twenty-one cases","volume":"75","author":"Samson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.04.015","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal tumors: clinical characteristics and outcome of pediatric patients treated at south Egypt cancer institute. A retrospective analysis","volume":"48","author":"Sayed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1148\/125.1.189","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic considerations of sacrococcygeal teratomas: an analysis of 26 new cases and review of the literature","volume":"125","author":"Schey","year":"1977","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830050675","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: clinical course and prognosis with a special view to long-term functional results","volume":"15","author":"Schmidt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.7.1951","article-title":"Treatment of recurrent malignant sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors: analysis of 22 patients registered in the German protocols MAKEI 83\/86, 89, and 96","volume":"19","author":"Schneider","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(92)90563-M","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: the experience of four decades","volume":"27","author":"Schropp","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bad11d","article-title":"The surgical management of sacral chordomas","volume":"34","author":"Schwab","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/15227950490952424","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal tumors in infancy and childhood; a retrospective histopathological review of 85 cases","volume":"23","author":"Sebire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1177\/10668969231201413","article-title":"Extragonadal germ cell tumors: a single institution experience with clinicopathological correlation","volume":"32","author":"Sekar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-021-01471-w","article-title":"Surgical and functional outcomes of en bloc resection of sacral chordoma: a retrospective analysis","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5872","article-title":"Fetal teratomas\u2014a retrospective observational single-center study","volume":"41","author":"Simonini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000117","article-title":"Surgical outcomes in adults with benign and malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma: a single-institution experience of 26 cases","volume":"57","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.47338\/jns.v2.16","article-title":"Neonatal sacrococcygeal teratoma: our experience with 10 cases","volume":"2","author":"Sinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neonatal Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00349926","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal chordoma. A clinicoradiological study of 60 patients","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaps.JIAPS_241_18","article-title":"Clinical presentation and surgical management of neonatal tumors: retrospective analysis","volume":"25","author":"Solanki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2025.162420","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratomas in Currarino syndrome: a multicenter review of tumour characteristics, surgical outcomes, and recurrence","volume":"60","author":"Srivatsa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800730227","article-title":"The presentation and management of presacral tumours","volume":"73","author":"Stewart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2002.36700","article-title":"Malignant germ cell tumors: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome. A report from the Study Group for Pediatric Solid Malignant Tumors in the Kyushu Area, Japan","volume":"37","author":"Suita","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.50.3.0312","article-title":"Spinal chordomas","volume":"50","author":"Sundaresan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198309000-00016","article-title":"Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center","volume":"198","author":"Tapper","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B185","first-page":"606","article-title":"Totally curative surgical resection of retrorectal tumors","volume":"62","author":"U\u00e7ar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072233","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: a series of 19 cases with long-term follow-up","volume":"9","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19810701)48:1<217::AID-CNCR2820480135>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratomas: a review of 68 cases","volume":"48","author":"Valdiserri","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B188","first-page":"85","article-title":"Early outcomes of the surgical treatment of sacrococcygeal tumors in a tertiary level government hospital","volume":"58","author":"Villegas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Med Philipp"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2025.162687","article-title":"Perinatal prognostic factors of recurrence or functional sequelae in neonatal sacrococcygeal teratoma, and implications for prenatal counselling: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"60","author":"Vinit","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-024-15328-3","article-title":"Presacral neuroendocrine neoplasms: a multi-site review of surgical outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Violante","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-002-0729-z","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"18","author":"Wakhlu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B192","first-page":"310","article-title":"Presacral tumour: a review of forty-five cases","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.900400","article-title":"Analysis of recurrent sacrococcygeal teratoma in children: clinical features, relapse risks, and anorectal functional sequelae","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2025.109660","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of presacral cysts and risk factors for long-term fecal incontinence following laparoscopic resection of lesions","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(85)90082-0","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratomas in infants and children","volume":"150","author":"Whalen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B196","first-page":"742","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to the surgical management of retrorectal tumors","volume":"49","author":"Woodfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000493","article-title":"Surgical strategy and application of robotic-assisted benign sacral neurogenic tumour resection","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.3.SPINE241408","article-title":"Long-term functional outcomes and their relationship to nerve root sacrifice after definitive surgery for sacrococcygeal chordoma","volume":"43","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaps.JIAPS_219_18","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: clinical characteristics, management, and long-term outcomes in a prospective study from a tertiary care center","volume":"25","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4174\/astr.2020.99.2.110","article-title":"Retrorectal tumour: a single-center 10-years\u2019 experience","volume":"99","author":"Yalav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Surg Treat Res"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5822","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i46.5822","article-title":"Retrorectal tumors in adults: magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31819630ec","article-title":"Surgical treatment of sacral chordomas combined with transcatheter arterial embolization","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4906-5","article-title":"Recurrence and survival factors analysis of 171 cases of sacral chordoma in a single institute","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.09.036","article-title":"Analysis of recurrence risks for sacrococcygeal teratoma in children","volume":"49","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-013-3384-7","article-title":"Impact of the histological type on the prognosis of patients with prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratomas: the results of a nationwide Japanese survey","volume":"29","author":"Yoneda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990215)85:4<878::AID-CNCR15>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"The surgical management of sacrococcygeal chordoma","volume":"85","author":"Yonemoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199901000-00041","article-title":"Sacral chordoma: 40-year experience at a major cancer center","volume":"44","author":"York","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.15691","article-title":"Long-term surgical outcomes after resection of presacral tumors and risk factors associated with recurrence","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"goab049","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goab049","article-title":"A novel transperineal approach for surgical resection of presacral tumors with an arc-shaped incision in front of the apex of the coccyx (with video)","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012918","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1012918","article-title":"A correlation analysis of sacrococcygeal chordoma imaging and clinical characteristics with the prognostic factors","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892027","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.892027","article-title":"Is there another posterior approach for presacral tumors besides the Kraske procedure? A study on the feasibility and safety of surgical resection of primary presacral tumors via transsacrococcygeal transverse incision","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4103\/jmas.JMAS_214_18","article-title":"Laparoscopic resection of large retrorectal developmental cysts in adults: single-centre experiences of 20 cases","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Minim Access Surg"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e848","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002068","article-title":"Multimodal treatment of children with sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumour: retrospective analysis of clinicopathology characteristics and relapse-free survival","volume":"43","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s101510200008","article-title":"The management of presacral masses in the adult","volume":"6","author":"Wolpert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66049-9_21","volume-title":"The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery","author":"Kelley","year":"2022","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000003152","article-title":"Aggressive angiomyxoma of the pelvis: 35-year experience","volume":"67","author":"Bauzon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000502","article-title":"Chordoma: update on disease, epidemiology, biology and medical therapies","volume":"31","author":"Frezza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"key":"2026082408410583200_zrag106-B218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e318199dc31","article-title":"Management of a retrorectal lipomatous hemangiopericytoma by preoperative vascular embolization and a multidisciplinary surgical team: report of a case","volume":"52","author":"Dozois","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"}],"container-title":["BJS Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjsopen\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/zrag106\/70769999\/zrag106.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjsopen\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/zrag106\/70769999\/zrag106.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T12:41:37Z","timestamp":1787575297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjsopen\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrag106\/8769442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":218,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrag106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"article-number":"zrag106"}}