{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:13:06Z","timestamp":1790881986895,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association of Breast Surgeons (UK) Research","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04yzmje29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Development"},{"name":"Masonic Charitable Foundation Fellowship","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044089t43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qrg5a24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Masonic Charitable Foundation Chair of Surgical Trials","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044089t43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cobalt Medical Charity"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, benign, inflammatory breast condition. The diagnostic challenge can cause delays in diagnosis and treatment. The quality of evidence for the diagnosis and management of IGM is low. A scoping review of existing literature was conducted to determine risk factors for IGM, with the aim of informing clinical suspicion, earlier diagnosis, and treatment of this condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review of the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases (2003\u20132023) was performed following PRISMA-ScR guidance. Data on demographics, reproductive history, hormonal factors, body mass index (BMI), and smoking were extracted and subjectively compared to appropriate published population demographics of the relevant risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all, 230 studies involving 13 062 patients were included. Most common countries of publication origin were Turkey (86 papers; 5233 patients), the USA (30 studies; 764 patients), and China (23 papers; 3990 patients), with three papers (25 patients) from the UK. Most common ethnicities reported were Hispanic (36%), Turkish (20%), White (9%), and Middle Eastern (8%). The mean age (34.7\u2005years) was consistent across the literature, except for UK publications (mean age 50\u2005years). High rates of history of pregnancy (&amp;gt; 90%) were reported, except for UK papers (68%); 64\u201385% of patients had a history of lactation; and the prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia (reported in 18% of papers) was 5% (versus 0.4% in the general population). BMI appears to match age and country-equivalent BMIs, with no association with diabetes. Smoking association is inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Risk factors for IGM appear centred on reproductive, hormonal, ethnicity, and possibly geographical factors, although the data are limited by inconsistent reporting, small study sizes, and retrospective study designs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrag137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:06:34Z","timestamp":1784721994000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9047-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rute S S","family":"Castelhano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Argus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goonj","family":"Johri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"MacInnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaneel","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Darlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Therapeutics and Pharmacodynamics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudresh","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Lyburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cobalt Medical Charity , Cheltenham ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3991-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roisin","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust , York ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cliona C","family":"Kirwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100114361371200_zrag137-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/58.6.642","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis: a lesion clinically simulating 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