{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:25:27Z","timestamp":1762431927929,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000855","name":"University of Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013963","name":"University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immune-mediated liver and gastrointestinal diseases are chronic conditions that lack curative treatments. Despite advances in the understanding and treatment of these conditions, they frequently remain refractory to treatment and represent a significant unmet need. Cellular therapies are an emerging option and hold the potential to have a major impact.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A literature review was carried out using Pubmed. Keywords used for search were \u2018ATMP\u2019, \u2018immune mediated\u2019, \u2018autoimmune liver disease\u2019 and \u2018immune mediated gastrointestinal conditions\u2019, \u2018cell therapy\u2019, \u2018MSC\u2019, \u2018HSCT\u2019, \u2018Regulatory T cells\u2019, \u2018GVHD\u2019, \u2018Coeliac disease\u2019 \u2018IBD\u2019, \u2018PSC\u2019, \u2018AIH\u2019, \u2018PBC\u2019. No new data were generated or analysed in support of this review.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Areas of agreement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is substantial evidence from clinical trials to support the use of cell therapies as a treatment for immune-mediated liver and gastrointestinal conditions. Cellular therapy products have the ability to \u2018reset\u2019 the dysregulated immune system and this in turn can offer a longer term remission. There are ongoing clinical trials with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and other cells to evidence their efficacy profile and fill the gaps in current knowledge. Insights gained will inform future trial designs and subsequent therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Areas of controversy<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There remains some uncertainty around the extrapolation of results from animal studies to clinical trials. Longevity of the therapeutic effects seen after the use of cell therapy needs to be scrutinized further. Heterogeneity in the selection of cells, source, methods of productions and cell administration pose challenges to the interpretation of the data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Growing points<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MSCs are emerging as a key therapeutic cells in immune-mediated liver and gastrointestinal conditions. Ongoing trials with these cells will provide new insights and a better understanding thus informing future larger scale studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Areas timely for developing research<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Larger scale clinical trials to build on the evidence from small studies regarding safety and efficacy of cellular therapy are still needed before cellular therapies can become off the shelf treatments. Alignment of academia and industry to standardize the processes involved in cell selection, manipulation and expansion and subsequent use in clinical trials is an important avenue to explore further.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldaa035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T11:44:41Z","timestamp":1602675881000},"page":"127-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cellular therapies for the treatment of immune-mediated GI and liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Sheeba","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reenam S","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip N","family":"Newsome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020121509334818700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/431913","article-title":"Autoantibodies and liver disease: uses and abuses","volume":"24","author":"Zeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2020121509334818700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000444471","article-title":"The pathogenesis of autoimmune liver disease","volume":"34","author":"Arndtz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"2020121509334818700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00008","article-title":"Novel immunotherapies for autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"5","author":"Cassim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2020121509334818700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622315605821","article-title":"A review of the medical treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis in the 21st century","volume":"7","author":"Goode","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2020121509334818700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23704","article-title":"Liver transplantation and autoimmune liver diseases","volume":"19","author":"Liberal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"2020121509334818700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15254","article-title":"Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of anaemia in immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"182","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2020121509334818700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S190929","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases: time of diagnosis, environmental factors, clinical course, and management - a follow-up study in a private inflammatory bowel disease center (2003-2017)","volume":"12","author":"Cury","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2020121509334818700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00350","article-title":"Celiac disease: a review of current concepts in pathogenesis, prevention, and novel therapies","volume":"6","author":"Tye-Din","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2020121509334818700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-011-1300-7","article-title":"A comprehensive assessment of ATMP. 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