{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:26:12Z","timestamp":1788269172021,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012041","name":"Versus Arthritis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107471\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107471\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative musculoskeletal disease of synovial joints. It is characterized by a metabolic imbalance resulting in articular cartilage degradation, reduced elastoviscosity of synovial fluid and an altered chondrocyte phenotype. This is often associated with reduced mobility, pain and poor quality of life. Subsequently, with an ageing world population, osteoarthritis is of increasing concern to public health. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be applied to characterize the metabolomes of biofluids, determining changes associated with osteoarthritis pathology, identifying potential biomarkers of disease and alterations to metabolic pathways.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Sources of data<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science databases using combinations of the following keywords: \u2018NMR Spectroscopy\u2019, \u2018Blood\u2019, \u2018Plasma\u2019, \u2018Serum\u2019, \u2018Urine\u2019, \u2018Synovial Fluid\u2019 and \u2018Osteoarthritis\u2019 for articles published from 2000 to 2020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Areas of agreement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The number of urine metabolomics studies using NMR spectroscopy to investigate osteoarthritis is low, whereas the use of synovial fluid is significantly higher. Several differential metabolites have previously been identified and mapped to metabolic pathways involved in osteoarthritis pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Areas of controversy<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions are sometimes conservative or overinflated, which may reflect the variation in reporting standards. NMR metabolic experimental design may require further consideration, as do the animal models used for such studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Growing points<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are various aspects which require improvement within the field. These include stricter adherence to the Metabolomics Standards Initiative, inclusive of the standardization of metabolite identifications; increased utilization of integrating NMR metabolomics with other \u2018omic\u2019 disciplines; and increased deposition of raw experimental files into open access online repositories, allowing greater transparency and enabling additional future analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Areas timely for developing research<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, this research area could be improved by the inclusion of more heterogeneous cohorts, reflecting varying osteoarthritis phenotypes, and larger group sizes ensuring studies are not underpowered. To correlate local and systemic environments, the use of blood for diagnostic purposes, over the collection of synovial fluid, requires increased attention. This will ultimately enable biomarkers of disease to be determined that may provide an earlier diagnosis, or provide potential therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis, ultimately improving patient prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldaa037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T12:08:37Z","timestamp":1604405317000},"page":"28-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biofluids for osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Emily J","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy J","family":"Peffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021032613095563300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000680","article-title":"Understanding osteoarthritis pathogenesis: a multiomics system-based approach","volume":"32","author":"Ratneswaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2021032613095563300_ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Models of osteoarthritis: relevance and new 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