{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:15:34Z","timestamp":1787008534260,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) may bring lifelong consequences for affected patients and a high financial burden to the health care system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Source of data<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Published peer-reviewed scientific articles identified from EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of agreement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgery and blood pressure management are the main targets in acute SCI to avoid secondary damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of controversy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The management of secondary chronic SCI is challenging, with unpredictable outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Growing points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the lack of consensus on pharmacological therapy for acute and secondary chronic SCI, the present study analyses the currently available drugs and treatment options to manage secondary chronic SCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas timely for developing research<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Different approaches exist for the pharmacological management of secondary chronic SCI. One of the most investigated drugs, 4-aminopyridine, improves central motor conduction and shows improvement in neurological signs. Positive results in different areas have been observed in patients receiving the anti-spastic drugs tizanidine and baclofen or Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Growth hormone showed only minimal or no significant effects, and the therapy of secondary chronic SCI with riluzole has been poorly researched to date.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldae009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T14:33:44Z","timestamp":1724164424000},"page":"49-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pharmacological management of secondary chronic spinal cord injury: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Filippo","family":"Migliorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences , Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165 Rome,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA) , via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Cocconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA) , via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luise","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences , Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165 Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Simeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA) , via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhan","family":"Jeyaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , ACS Medical College and Hospital, , Poonamallee High Rd, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute , ACS Medical College and Hospital, , Poonamallee High Rd, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Maffulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome La 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