{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:33:16Z","timestamp":1790721196659,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were published in 2018, based on research up until that point. In this review, we summarize the current state of the evidence and discuss the findings of systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2019 and 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Sources of data<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We include peer-reviewed systematic reviews and meta-analyses published within the last 5\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of agreement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reviews and meta-analyses continue to support the efficacy, and cost-effectiveness, of trauma-focused psychological interventions, particularly Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of controversy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite their demonstrated efficacy, dropout rates from psychological interventions for PTSD remain high. There has also been a rapid proliferation of research into novel interventions for treating PTSD. However, much of this research is of low quality and lacks head-to-head comparisons with established interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Growing points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Novel methods of delivery of established treatments are being developed, including using virtual reality, intensive forms of treatment, and digital and remote methods of delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas timely for developing research<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More qualitative research to explore recipients\u2019 experiences of interventions. More good-quality research and head-to-head comparisons of treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldaf015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T11:47:47Z","timestamp":1756986467000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["PTSD and complex PTSD, current treatments and debates: a review of reviews"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"156","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1238-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Billings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, UCL , Wing A, 4th Floor, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London , W1T 7NF,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9334-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, UCL , Wing A, 4th Floor, 149 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