{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:43:47Z","timestamp":1788417827498,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007065","name":"University of Salerno","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["955685-P4FIT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["955685-P4FIT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite significant advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, articular cartilage repair remains a major clinical challenge. Conventional pharmacological and surgical interventions are largely ineffective in promoting durable tissue regeneration or halting progressive cartilage degradation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Sources of data<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review integrates evidence from recent peer-reviewed literature focusing on nanotechnology-based drug delivery, stem cell\u2013based therapy, and biomimetic scaffold design for cartilage tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of agreement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a broad consensus that current standard treatments fail to restore native cartilage structure and function. The literature supports the view that integrating nanomedicine with tissue engineering strategies can enhance chondrogenic outcomes. In particular, nanocarriers enable targeted and controlled delivery of bioactive molecules, while synthetic extracellular matrix\u2013mimicking scaffolds provide essential structural and biochemical cues for chondrogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of controversy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key unresolved issues include identifying the optimal stem cell source, the long-term safety and biodegradability of nanomaterials, and the scalability of engineered constructs for clinical use. The immunogenicity of advanced biomaterials and the regulatory challenges associated with their clinical translation remain subjects of debate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Growing points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies demonstrate the feasibility of integrating nanocarriers within three-dimensional biomimetic scaffolds to better replicate the native cartilage microenvironment. Advances in biofabrication techniques and in situ delivery systems are enabling the development of more physiologically relevant and functional cartilage models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas timely for developing research<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future research should prioritize in vivo validation of bio-activated scaffolds, comprehensive assessment of long-term functional outcomes, and strategies to facilitate clinical translation of combined nanocarrier\u2013scaffold platforms. Further investigation into both patient-specific and off-the-shelf regenerative approaches is essential to overcome current translational barriers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldag001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:51:52Z","timestamp":1767963112000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tissue engineering &amp; nanocarriers: a game-changer in healing cartilage lesions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"157","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9700-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwin Pavel","family":"Lamparelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno , 43 Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA) ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna Della","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno , 43 Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA) ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno , 132 via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA) ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Maffulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University ,1035 Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"PLOS Biol","author":"Murphy","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2002811"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820262-3.00001-3","volume-title":"Nanoengineering in Musculoskeletal Regeneration","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.05.011","article-title":"Articular cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering techniques: recent advances and challenges","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2017.02.001","article-title":"Basic science of articular cartilage","volume":"36","author":"Carballo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200311000-00006","article-title":"Articular cartilage biology","volume":"11","author":"Ulrich-Vinther","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20048","article-title":"Transcriptional control of chondrocyte fate and differentiation","volume":"75","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res Part C Embryo Today Rev"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802225-2.00014-3","volume-title":"In Situ Tissue Regeneration","author":"Tarafder","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.12.015","article-title":"Articular fibrocartilage - why does hyaline cartilage fail to repair?","volume":"146","author":"Armiento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011007","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4034651","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of human tracheal tissues","volume":"139","author":"Safshekan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7893-1_3","volume-title":"Progress in Heritable Soft Connective Tissue Diseases","author":"Halper","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811837-5.00003-4","volume-title":"Anatomy and Histology of the Laboratory Rat in Toxicology and Biomedical Research","author":"Maynard","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.06.009","article-title":"Endochondral ossification: how cartilage is converted into bone in the developing skeleton","volume":"40","author":"Mackie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.10.005","article-title":"Articular cartilage and joint development from embryogenesis to adulthood","volume":"62","author":"Decker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026012907553930900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(2000)9999:999&lt;00::AID-AJMG1133&gt;3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Developmental biology. 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