{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:01:02Z","timestamp":1790445662855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calf muscle injuries are common in running and sprint-based sports, but remain too often grouped under a single label despite important differences between gastrocnemius, soleus and, less commonly, plantaris-related injuries. This review evaluates current evidence on anatomy, diagnosis, imaging, classification, prognosis, return to play, and recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Sources of data<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured narrative review was undertaken using PubMed\/MEDLINE and Scopus, with searches updated to 23 February 2026. After deduplication and screening, 82 articles were included, including eight seminal pre-window studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of agreement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calf injuries generate substantial time-loss and recurrence burden. Age and previous calf injury are the most consistent risk factors. The soleus has been underdiagnosed, while imaging is most useful when it clarifies anatomy and tissue involvement rather than replacing clinical judgement. Connective tissue disruption, particularly involving aponeurosis or intramuscular tendon, appears more prognostically relevant than oedema alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of controversy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General muscle injury classifications improve terminology but incompletely capture the complexity of distal calf injuries. The precise prognostic value of MRI findings, isolated anatomical location and serial imaging remains uncertain, and return-to-play endpoints are inconsistently defined across studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Growing points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The field is moving from oedema-based grading towards tissue-based, muscle-specific classification, especially for soleus and distal medial gastrocnemius injuries. Rehabilitation is increasingly understood as progressive re-exposure to running, elastic loading, and sport-specific demands rather than symptom resolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas timely for developing research<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Priorities include harmonized definitions of recurrence and return to play, integrated prognostic models combining clinical, imaging and load data, and comparative trials of calf-specific rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldag021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:18:39Z","timestamp":1784589519000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Triceps surae muscle injuries\u2014a clinical challenge more complex than you think"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2610-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Balius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine and Imaging, Clinica Diagonal , Sant Mateu St, 24, 26, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Catalan Sports Council, Government of Catalonia, 40\u201348 Pa\u00efsos Catalans Avenue, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona , Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7666-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carles","family":"Pedret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine and Imaging, Clinica Diagonal , Sant Mateu St, 24, 26, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0674-9885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montse","family":"Pujol-Marzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Sports Council, Government of Catalonia, 40\u201348 Pa\u00efsos Catalans Avenue, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Blanquerna, Department of Physiotherapy, Universitat Ramon Llull , Carrer de Padilla 326\u2013332, 08025 Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2273-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Department, ICATME, Hospital 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