{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T08:45:59Z","timestamp":1785746759371,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Global Positioning System (GPS)-based metabolic power model for soccer, proposed by di Prampero and applied by Osgnach, rests on a fixed energy cost (EC) of running of 4.6 J\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7m\u22121 and a biomechanical equivalence between accelerated level and constant-speed uphill running.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Sources of Data<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative review was conducted via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using terms like metabolic power, EC of running, GPS soccer, sprint biomechanics, equivalent slope, and running economy (2005\u20132025).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of Agreement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Running EC is relatively speed-independent across submaximal velocities typical of football (~6\u201318\u00a0km\u00b7h\u22121). The geometric principle underlying the accelerated-to-inclined running equivalence is accepted, and GPS metabolic power provides a useful metric for relative load comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of Controversy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A universal fixed EC ignores interindividual variability (~20%), fatigue, surfaces, and drag. The equivalence model has vector orientation inconsistencies, employs the imprecise term \u2018equivalent mass\u2019, and derives its postural reference from sprint-start conditions unrepresentative of match-play accelerations (~2\u20134\u00a0m\u00b7s\u22122). Validation studies show systematic underestimations of 29%\u201385% relative to indirect calorimetry. Refinements exist but remain unimplemented in most commercial platforms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Growing Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individually calibrated EC values, inertial measurement unit integration, and hybrid models combining GPS kinematics with cardiorespiratory data are promising. Force-velocity profiling offers a biomechanically grounded alternative for individual sprint characterization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas Timely for Developing Research<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Priorities include calorimetric validation under match conditions; player-specific EC models incorporating fatigue, surface, and role; implementing model updates in commercial software; and comparing alternative load metrics for injury-risk prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldag022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:52:45Z","timestamp":1783684365000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indirect calculation of metabolic power in soccer: a critical analysis of a popular model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Furio","family":"Barba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Sports and Health Science, Parthenope University , 80133 Naples ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny","family":"Padulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Maffulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome , 00166 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy 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