{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:54:37Z","timestamp":1791982477921,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction or Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The anaerobic threshold (AnT) marks the transition between heavy and severe exercise intensity domains and guides training prescription and performance monitoring. Criterion methods (blood lactate and gas exchange) are accurate but invasive, costly, or impractical outside laboratories, prompting the search for noninvasive surrogates. This review evaluates the validity of these estimation procedures rather than the underlying physiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Sources of Data<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE (via PubMed) was searched from inception without language restrictions, supplemented by reference-list and citation searching. Eligible studies compared noninvasive AnT indices, including heart rate variability (HRV; including detrended fluctuation analysis [DFA] \u03b11), cardiac repolarization instability, heart rate deflection\/field slope-variation methods, critical power (CP)\/ critical speed (CS), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), the talk test, and machine-learning (ML) models, with criterion standards. Risk of bias was assessed using QUADAS-2. Eighty-eight reports were synthesized narratively; no meta-analysis was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of Agreement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DFA \u03b11, NIRS breakpoints, and CP\/CS show strong associations with laboratory criteria and increasing field applicability through wearables. Accuracy and feasibility trade-offs require method selection according to the threshold, sport, and required precision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of Controversy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Correlation indicates group-level association rather than individual agreement; Bland\u2013Altman and reliability analyses are more informative for substitution. Criterion standards are not interchangeable, and heart rate deflection is not consistently identifiable. Evidence in female athletes remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Growing Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multimodal wearables integrating HRV, muscle oxygenation, and running power with ML may improve field-based threshold estimation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas for Developing Research<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Priorities include standardized reporting, transparent bias assessment, female-athlete validation, and broader systematic and meta-analytic synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldag037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:28:45Z","timestamp":1791113325000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noninvasive assessment of the anaerobic threshold in endurance athletes: an evidence-based narrative review of methods, validity, and field feasibility"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"160","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Maffulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d , 00185 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , E1 4DG London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine, Keele University , Stoke-on-Trent , ST4 7QB,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny","family":"Padulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7473-0271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Traumatology, Universit\u00e0 Telematica San Raffaele , Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Roma,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101408335991200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1139\/h03-023","article-title":"Anaerobic threshold: the concept and methods of measurement","volume":"28","author":"Svedahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Appl 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