{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T14:28:32Z","timestamp":1791124112929,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,6]],"date-time":"2004-01-06T19:02:56Z","timestamp":1073415776000},"page":"99-113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Unsafe abortion: the silent scourge"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"David A","family":"Grimes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Look PF , Cottingham JC. Unsafe abortion: an avoidable tragedy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol2002; 16: 205\u201320","DOI":"10.1053\/beog.2002.0271"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahman E , Shah I. Unsafe abortion: worldwide estimates for 2000. Reprod Health Matters2002; 10: 13\u20137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(02)00012-5"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson-Hanks J . The lesser shame: abortion among educated women in southern Cameroon. Soc Sci Med2002; 55: 1337\u201349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00276-3"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf L , Zein ZA. Abortion at Gondar College Hospital, Ethiopia. East Afr Med J2001; 78: 265\u20138","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v78i5.9052"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB5","unstructured":"Ganatra B , Johnston HB. Reducing abortion-related mortality in South Asia: a review of constraints and a road map for change. J Am Med Womens Assoc2002; 57: 159\u201364"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olatunji AO , Sule-Odu AO. Maternal mortality at Sagamu, Nigeria\u2014A ten year review (1988\u20131997). Niger Postgrad Med J2001; 8: 12\u20135","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.170668"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma K , Thomas A, Sharma A, Dhar A, Bhambri V. Maternal mortality in rural India: a hospital based, 10 year retrospective analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res2001; 27: 183\u20137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2001.tb01249.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granja AC , Machungo F, Gomes A, Bergstrom S. Adolescent maternal mortality in Mozambique. J Adolesc Health2001; 28: 303\u20136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(00)00205-6"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB9","unstructured":"Fawole AA , Aboyeji AP. Complications from unsafe abortion: presentations at Ilorin, Nigeria. Niger J Med2002; 11: 77\u201380"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB10","unstructured":"Berer M . Making abortions safe: a matter of good public health policy and practice. Bull World Health Organ2000; 78: 580\u201392"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB11","unstructured":"Mundigo AI , Indriso C. Abortion in the Developing World. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, 1999"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seward PN , Ballard CA, Ulene AL. The effect of legal abortion on the rate of septic abortion at a large county hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol1973; 115: 335\u20138","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(73)90587-5"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cates W Jr . Legal abortion: the public health record. Science1982; 215: 1586\u201390","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7071579"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abortion: one Romania is enough. Lancet1995; 345: 137\u20138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90158-2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girard F , Nowicka W. Clear and compelling evidence: the Polish tribunal on abortion rights. Reprod Health Matters2002; 10: 22\u201330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(02)00023-X"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jewkes R , Brown H, Dickson-Tetteh K, Levin J, Rees H. Prevalence of morbidity associated with abortion before and after legalisation in South Africa. BMJ2002; 324: 1252\u20133","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7348.1252"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB17","unstructured":"Herndon J , Strauss LT, Whitehead S, Parker WY, Bartlett L, Zane S. Abortion surveillance\u2014United States, 1998. MMWR Surveill Summ2002; 51: 1\u201332"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutgers S . Two years maternal mortality in Matebeleland north Province, Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med2001; 47: 39\u201343","DOI":"10.4314\/cajm.v47i2.8591"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimes DA , Cates W Jr, Tyler CW Jr. Comparative risk of death from legally induced abortion in hospitals and nonhospital facilities. Obstet Gynecol1978; 51: 323\u20136","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-197803000-00014"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyengar K , Iyengar SD. Elective abortion as a primary health service in rural India: experience with manual vacuum aspiration. Reprod Health Matters2002; 10: 54\u201363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(02)00002-2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller S , Billings DL, Clifford B. Midwives and postabortion care: experiences, opinions, and attitudes among participants at the 25th Triennial Congress of the International Confederation of Midwives. J Midwifery Womens Health2002; 47: 247\u201355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-9523(02)00250-7"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman MA , Jillson DA, Coffin RR, Novick LF. Comparison of complication rates in first trimester abortions performed by physician assistants and physicians. Am J Public Health1986; 76: 550\u20134","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.76.5.550"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogo KO , Aloo-Obunga C, Ombaka C et al. Maternal mortality in Kenya: the state of health facilities in a rural district. East Afr Med J2001; 78: 468\u201372","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v78i9.8977"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimes DA . Diagnostic dilation and curettage: a reappraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol1982; 142: 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)32276-1"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh K , Fong YF, Prasad RN, Dong F. Vaginal misoprostol for pre-abortion cervical priming: is there an optimal evacuation time interval? Br J Obstet Gynaecol1999; 106: 266\u20139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08241.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulka JF , Lefler HT Jr, Anglone A, Lachenbruch PA. A new electronic force monitor to measure factors influencing cervical dilation for vacuum curettage. Am J Obstet Gynecol1974; 120: 166\u201373","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(74)90358-5"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winikoff B , Sivin I, Coyaji KJ et al. Safety, efficacy, and acceptability of medical abortion in China, Cuba, and India: a comparative trial of mifepristone\u2013misoprostol versus surgical abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol1997; 176: 431\u20137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70511-8"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB28","unstructured":"Creinin MD , Pymar HC. Medical abortion alternatives to mifepristone. J Am Med Womens Assoc2000; 55: 127\u201332, 150"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB29","unstructured":"Sawaya GF , Grady D, Kerlikowske K, Grimes DA. Antibiotics at the time of induced abortion: the case for universal prophylaxis based on a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol1996; 87: 884\u201390"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Autry AM , Hayes EC, Jacobson GF, Kirby RS. A comparison of medical induction and dilation and evacuation for second-trimester abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol2002; 187: 393\u20137","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123887"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cates W Jr , Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Dilatation and evacuation for induced abortion in developing countries: advantages and disadvantages. Stud Fam Plann1980; 11: 128\u201333","DOI":"10.2307\/1965604"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen J , Hauth JC, Winkler CL, Gray SE. Midtrimester pregnancy termination: a randomized trial of prostaglandin E2 versus concentrated oxytocin. Am J Obstet Gynecol1992; 167: 1112\u20136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)80049-4"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain JK , Kuo J, Mishell DR Jr. A comparison of two dosing regimens of intravaginal misoprostol for second-trimester pregnancy termination. Obstet Gynecol1999; 93: 571\u20135","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199904000-00019"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polgar S , Fried ES. The bad old days: clandestine abortions among the poor in New York City before liberalization of the abortion law. Fam Plann Perspect1976; 8: 125\u20137","DOI":"10.2307\/2133634"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunger C , Ring A. [Chicken bones in the uterus\u2014an exceptional reason for sterility]. Zentralbl Gynakol2001; 123: 604\u20136","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-19096"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB36","unstructured":"Sambhi JS . Abortion by massage\u2014\u2018bomoh\u2019. IPPF Med Bull1977; 11: 3"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goyaux N , Yace-Soumah F, Welffens-Ekra C, Thonneau P. Abortion complications in Abidjan (Ivory Coast). Contraception1999; 60: 107\u20139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(99)00070-0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faundes A , Santos LC, Carvalho M, Gras C. Post-abortion complications after interruption of pregnancy with misoprostol. Adv Contracept1996; 12: 1\u20139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01849540"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB39","unstructured":"Rogo KO . Induced abortion in sub-Saharan Africa. East Afr Med J1993; 70: 386\u201395"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa PJ , Thapa S, Shrestha N. A hospital-based study of abortion in Nepal. Stud Fam Plann1992; 23: 311\u20138","DOI":"10.2307\/1966528"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"May W , Gulmezoglu AM, Ba-Thike K. Antibiotics for incomplete abortion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2000; CD001779","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001779"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen S , Hahlin M. Expectant management of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. Lancet1995; 345: 84\u20136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90060-8"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alderson P , Schierhout G, Roberts I, Bunn F. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2000; CD000567","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000567"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB44","unstructured":"Grimes DA , Cates W Jr, Selik RM. Fatal septic abortion in the United States, 1975\u20131977. Obstet Gynecol1981; 57: 739\u201344"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cronin L , Cook DJ, Carlet J et al. Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med1995; 23: 1430\u20139","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199508000-00019"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boeuf B , Gauvin F, Guerguerian AM, Farrell CA, Lacroix J, Jenicek M. Therapy of shock with naloxone: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med1998; 26: 1910\u20136","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199811000-00038"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alejandria MM , Lansang MA, Dans LF, Mantaring JB. Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis and septic shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2002; CD001090","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001090"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard GR , Vincent JL, Laterre PF et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med2001; 344: 699\u2013709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074300_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imoedemhe DA , Ezimokhai M, Okpere EE, Aboh IF. Intestinal injuries following induced abortion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet1984; 22: 303\u20136","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(84)90087-0"}],"container-title":["British Medical Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bmb\/article-pdf\/67\/1\/99\/25151920\/ldg002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T18:14:00Z","timestamp":1682619240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bmb\/article\/67\/1\/99\/330367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/ldg002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-8391","0007-1420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-8391","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0007-1420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]}}}