{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:47:22Z","timestamp":1792468042011,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,2]],"date-time":"2004-02-02T20:24:40Z","timestamp":1075753480000},"page":"143-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Ambient air pollution and health"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Klea","family":"Katsouyanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB1","unstructured":"Davis DL . When Smoke Ran Like Water. New York: Basic Books, 2002"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB2","unstructured":"WHO. Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, 2nd edn. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No 91. Copenhagen: WHO, 2000"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland WW , Bennett AE, Cameron IR, Florey C duV, Leeder SR, Schilling RSE, Swan AV, Waller RE. Health effects of particulate air pollution: reappraising the evidence. Am J Epidemiol1979; 110: 527\u2013659","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112836"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society. Health effects of outdoor air pollution. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1996; 153: 3\u201350 and 477\u201398","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.1.8542133"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB5","unstructured":"HEALTH21. The Health For All Policy Framework For the WHO European Region. European Health for all Series No 6. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1999"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB6","unstructured":"Department of Health. Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution. Non-biological Particles and Health. London: HMSO, 1995"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB7","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. OAQPS Staff Paper. Office for Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-452\/R-96-013, 1996"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penitten P , Timonen P, Tittanen A, Mirme J, Ruuskanen J, Pekkanen J. Ultrafine particles in urban air and respiratory health among adult asthmatics. Eur Respir J2001; 17: 428\u201335","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17304280"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB9","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities. Council Directive 96\/62\/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management. Official J Eur Communities1996; L296\/5521.11.1996"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB10","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities. Council Directive 1999\/30\/EC relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air. Official J Eur Communities1999; L163\/41.29.6.1999"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB11","unstructured":"US EPA. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) www.epa.gov\/airs\/criteria.html"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB12","unstructured":"Air Pollution and Health: a European Information System (APHEIS). Health Impact Assessment of Air Pollution in 26 European cities. Second-Year Report. Paris: Institut de Veille Sanitaire, 2002"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsouyanni K , Touloumi G, Samoli E et al. Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality: Results from 29 European cities within the APHEA2 Project. Epidemiology2001; 12: 521\u201331","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200109000-00011"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samet JM , Dominici F, Curriero C, Coursac I, Zeger SL. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987\u20131994. N Engl J Med2000; 343: 1742\u20139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012143432401"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB15","unstructured":"Samet J , Zeger SL, Dominici F. The National Morbidity, Mortality and Air Pollution Study. Part II Results. Health Effects Institute Report no 94. Cambridge MA: HEI, 2000"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominici F , McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM. On the use of generalized additive models in time-series studies of air pollution and health. Am J Epidemiol2002; 156: 193\u2013203","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf062"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB17","unstructured":"Health Effects Institute (HEI). Revised Analyses of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health. Special Report. Boston: HEI, 2003"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson R , Anderson HR, Sunyer J et al. Acute effects of particulate air pollution on respiratory admissions. Results from APHEA2 project. Am J Respir Crit Care Med2001; 164: 1860\u20136","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2010138"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouveia N , Fletcher T. Time-series analysis of air pollution and mortality: effects by cause, age and socioeconomic status. J Epidemiol Community Health2000; 54: 750\u20135","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.10.750"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dockery DW . Epidemiologic evidence of cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution. Environ Health Perspect2001; 109 (Suppl 4): 483\u20136","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s4483"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg MS , Burnett RT, Bailar 3rd JC et al. Identification of persons with cardiorespiratory conditions who are at risk of dying from the acute effects of ambient air particles. Environ Health Perspect2001; 109 (Suppl 4): 487\u201394","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s4487"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanobetti A , Schwartz J, Samoli E et al. The temporal pattern of mortality responses to air pollution: a multicity assessment of mortality displacement. Epidemiology2002; 13: 87\u201393","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200201000-00014"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz J . Harvesting and long-term exposure effects in the relation between air pollution and mortality. Am J Epidemiol2000; 151: 440\u20138","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010228"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dockery DW , Pope CA, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JII, Fay ME, Ferris BG, Speizer FE. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med, 1993; 329: 1753\u20139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pope CA , Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Dockery DW, Evans JS, Speizer FE, Heath CW. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1995; 151: 669\u201374","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/151.3_Pt_1.669"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunekreef B . Air pollution and life expectancy: Is there a relation? Occup Environ Med1997; 54: 781\u20134","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.11.781"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pope 3rd CA , Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA2002; 287: 1132\u201341","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoek G , Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, Fischer P, Van Den Brandt PA. Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet2002; 360: 1203\u20139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11280-3"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuenzli N , Kaiser R, Medina S et al. Public health impact of outdoor and traffic related air pollution: a European assessment. Lancet2000; 356: 795\u2013801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02653-2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezzati M , Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Hoorn SV, Murray CJ. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet2002; 360: 1347\u201360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11403-6"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB31","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities. Council Directive 2002\/3\/EC of 12 February 2002"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touloumi G , Katsouyanni K, Zmirou D et al. Short-term effects of ambient oxidant exposure on mortality: a combined analysis within the APHEA project. Am J Epidemiol1997; 146: 177\u201385","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009249"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg MS , Burnett RT, Brook J, Bailar 3rd JC, Valois MF, Vincent R. Associations between daily cause-specific mortality and concentrations of ground level ozone in Montreal, Quebec. Am J Epidemiol2001; 154: 817\u201326","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.9.817"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorres RA , Holz O, Zachgo W et al. The effect of repeated ozone exposures on inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and mucosal biopsies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med2000; 161: 1855\u201361","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9908102"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broeckaert F , Arsalane K, Hermans C, Bergamaschi E, Brustolin A, Mutti A, Bernard A. Serum claracell protein: a sensitive biomarker of increased lung epithelium permeability caused by ambient ozone. Environ Health Perspect2000; 108: 1533\u20137","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108533"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McConnell R , Berhane K, Gilliland F, London SJ, Islam T, Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Margolis HG, Peters JM. Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: a cohort study. Lancet2002; 359: 386\u201391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07597-9"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell WF , Abbey DE, Nishino N, Lebowitz MD. Long-term ambient ozone concentration and the incidence of asthma in nonsmoking adults: the AHSMOG Study. Environ Res1999; 80: 110\u201321","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3894"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horak F , Studnicka M, Gartner C, Spengler JD, Tauber E, Urbanek R, Veiter A, Frischer T. Particulate matter and lung function growth in children: a 3-yr follow-up study in Austrian schoolchildren. Eur Respir J2002; 19: 838\u201345","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00512001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beeson WL , Abbey DE, Knutsen SF. Long-term concentrations of ambient air pollutants and incidence lung cancer in California adults: results from the AHSMOG study. Environ Health Perspect1998; 106: 813\u201323","DOI":"10.2307\/3434125"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbey DE , Nishino N, McDonnell WF, Burchette RJ, Knutsen SF, Lawrence Beeson W, Yang JX. Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1999; 159: 373\u201382","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9806020"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rijnders E , Janssen NAH, Van Vliet PHN, Brunekreef B. Personal and outdoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations in relation to degree of urbanization and traffic density. Environ Health Perspect2001; 109: 411\u20137","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s3411"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spengler J , Brauer M, Koutrakis P. Acid air and health. Environ Sci Technol1990; 24: 946\u201356","DOI":"10.1021\/es00077a002"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samet JM , Marbury MC, Spengler JD. Health effects and sources of indoor air pollution. Part I. Am Rev Respir Dis1987; 136: 1486\u2013508","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.6.1486"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neas LM , Dockery DW, Ware JH, Spengler JD, Speizer FE, Ferris BG. Association of indoor nitrogen dioxide with respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in children. Am J Epidemiol1991; 134: 204\u20139","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116073"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun-Fahrlander C , Ackermann-Liebrich CU, Schwartz J, Gnehn HP, Rutishauser M, Wanner HU. Air pollution and respiratory symptoms in preschool children. Am Rev Respir Dis1992; 145: 42\u20137","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.1.42"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zmirou D , Schwartz J, Saez M et al. Time-series analysis of air pollution and cause-specific mortality. Epidemiology1998; 9: 495\u2013503","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199809000-00005"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saez M , Ballester F, Barcelo MA, Perez-Hoyos S, Bellido J, Tenias JM, Ocana R, Fidueiras A, Arribas F, Aragones N, Tobias A, Cirera L, Canada A on behalf of the EMECAM group. A combined analysis of the short-term effects of photochemical air pollutants on mortality within the EMECAM project. Environ Health Perspect2002; 110: 221\u20138","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110221"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsouyanni K , Touloumi G, Spix C et al. Short-term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: results from time series data from the APHEA project. BMJ1997; 314: 1658\u201363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7095.1658"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunyer J , Anto JM, Murillo C, Saez M. Air pollution and emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Am J Epidemiol1991; 134: 277\u201386","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116081"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz J and Morris R. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Detroit, Michigan. Am J Epidemiol1995; 142: 23\u201335","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117541"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB51","unstructured":"European Commission. Directive 200\/69\/EC of 16 November 2000 relating to limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient air. Official J Eur Communities 13.12.2000"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters A , Liu E, Verrier RL, Schwartz J, Gold DR, Mittleman M, Baliff J, Oh JA, Allen G, Monahan K, Dockery DW. Air pollution and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. Epidemiology2000; 11: 11\u20137","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200001000-00005"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz J . Air pollution and hospital admissions for heart disease in eight U.S. counties. Epidemiology1999; 10: 17\u201322","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00005"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180712074202_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touloumi G , Samoli E, Katsouyanni K. Daily mortality and \u2018winter type\u2019 air pollution in Athens, Greece\u2014a time-series analysis within the APHEA project. J Epidemiol Common Health1996; 50 (Suppl 1): 47\u201351","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.50.Suppl_1.s47"}],"container-title":["British Medical Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bmb\/article-pdf\/68\/1\/143\/25151940\/ldg028.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T15:15:57Z","timestamp":1585494957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bmb\/article\/68\/1\/143\/421247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/ldg028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-8391","0007-1420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-8391","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0007-1420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]}}}