{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:33:14Z","timestamp":1790152394058,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Duke-National University Singapore Signature Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001350","name":"Ministry of Health -Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400006C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIV) represent a persistent public health threat. The principal risk factor governing human infection with AIV is from direct contact with infected poultry and is primarily observed in Asia and Egypt where live-bird markets are common.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of agreement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Changing patterns of virus transmission and a lack of obvious disease manifestations in avian species hampers early detection and efficient control of potentially zoonotic AIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas of controversy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite extensive studies on biological and environmental risk factors, the exact conditions required for cross-species transmission from avian species to humans remain largely unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Growing points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The development of a universal (\u2018across-subtype\u2019) influenza vaccine and effective antiviral therapeutics are a priority.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Areas timely for developing research<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sustained virus surveillance and collection of ecological and physiological parameters from birds in different environments is required to better understand influenza virus ecology and identify risk factors for human infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldz036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T07:10:13Z","timestamp":1576566613000},"page":"81-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Avian influenza viruses in humans: lessons from past outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Yao-Tsun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Linster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian H","family":"Mendenhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne C F","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin J D","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857"},{"name":"SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, 31 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore 168753"},{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020013100465612200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/MR.56.1.152-179.1992","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses","volume":"56","author":"Webster","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2020013100465612200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3362","article-title":"Enabling the 'host jump': 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