{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:33:48Z","timestamp":1791905628613,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.3.587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T18:48:15Z","timestamp":1027709295000},"page":"587-599","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":264,"title":["Vascular abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): mechanisms and diagnostic value"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Wasner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Schattschneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Heckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_ARNOLD-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold JM, Teasell RW, MacLeod AP, Brown JE, Carruthers SG. Increased venous alpha-adrenoceptor responsiveness in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Ann Intern Med1993; 118: 619\u201321.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00008"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_BARON-AND-MAIER-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron R, Maier C. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: skin blood flow, sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes and pain before and after surgical sympathectomy. Pain1996; 67: 317\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(96)03136-3"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_BARON-ETAL-1996","unstructured":"Baron R, Blumberg H, J\u00e4nig W. Clinical characteristics of patients with complex regional pain syndromes in Germany with special emphasis on vasomotor function. In: J\u00e4nig W, Stanton-Hicks M, editors. Progress in pain research and management, Vol. 6, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy\u2014a reappraisal. Seattle: IASP Press; 1996. p. 25\u201348."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_BARON-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron R, Levine JD, Fields HL. Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain? [Review]. Muscle Nerve1999; 22: 678\u201395.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199906)22:6<678::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_BEJ-AND-SCHWARTZMAN-1991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bej MD, Schwartzman RJ. Abnormalities of cutaneous blood flow regulation in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy as measured by laser Doppler fluxmetry. Arch Neurol1991; 48: 912\u20135.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530210038020"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_BINI-ETAL-1980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bini G, Hagbarth KE, Hynninen P, Wallin BG. Thermoregulatory and rhythm-generating mechanisms governing the sudomotor and vasoconstrictor outflow in human cutaneous nerves. J Physiol (Lond)1980; 306: 537\u201352.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013413"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_BIRKLEIN-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birklein F, Sittl R, Spitzer A, Claus D, Neund\u00f6rfer B, Handwerker HO. Sudomotor function in sympathetic reflex dystrophy. Pain1997; 69: 49\u201354.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03242-3"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_BIRKLEIN-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birklein F, Riedl B, Neund\u00f6rfer B, Handwerker HO. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex pattern in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain1998; 75: 93\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00209-1"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_CASALE-AND-ELAM-1992","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casale R, Elam M. Normal sympathetic nerve activity in a reflex sympathetic dystrophy with marked skin vasoconstriction. J Auton Nerv Syst1992; 41: 215\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(92)90061-K"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_CHELIMSKY-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelimsky TC, Low PA, Naessens JM, Wilson PR, Amadio PC, O'Brien PC. Value of autonomic testing in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Mayo Clin Proc1995; 70: 1029\u201340.","DOI":"10.4065\/70.11.1029"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_CLINE-ETAL-1989","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cline MA, Ochoa J, Torebjork HE. Chronic hyperalgesia and skin warming caused by sensitized C nociceptors. Brain1989; 112: 621\u201347.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.621"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_DAEMEN-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daemen MA, Kurvers HA, Kitslaar PJ, Slaaf DW, Bullens PH, Van den Wildenberg FA. Neurogenic inflammation in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Neurol Res1998; 20: 41\u20135.","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1998.11740483"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_DEUSCHL-ETAL-1991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deuschl G, Blumberg H, L\u00fccking CH. Tremor in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Arch Neurol1991; 48: 1247\u201352.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530240051018"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_DRUMMOND-ETAL-1991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond PD, Finch PM, Smythe GA. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: the significance of differing plasma catecholamine concentrations in affected and unaffected limbs. Brain1991; 114: 2025\u201336.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.5.2025"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_DRUMMOND-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond PD, Finch PM, Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. Plasma neuropeptide Y in the symptomatic limb of patients with causalgic pain. Clin Auton Res1994; 4: 113\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01845774"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_DRUMMOND-ETAL-1996A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond PD, Finch PM, Gibbins I. Innervation of hyperalgesic skin in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain1996; 12: 222\u201331.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199609000-00010"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_DRUMMOND-ETAL-1996B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond PD, Skipworth S, Finch PM. alpha 1-adrenoceptors in normal and hyperalgesic human skin. Clin Sci (Colch)1996; 91: 73\u20137.","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0910073"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_EVANS-1946","unstructured":"Evans JA. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Surg Clin North Am1946; 26: 780\u201390."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_FLEMING-AND-WESTFALL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming WW, Westfall DP. Adaptive supersensitivity. In: Trendelenburg U, Weiner N, editors. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Vol. 90\/I. Catecholamines I. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1988. p. 509\u201359.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-46625-0_9"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_GALER-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galer BS, Butler S, Jensen MP. Case reports and hypothesis: a neglect-like syndrome may be responsible for the motor disturbance in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome-1). [Review]. J Pain Symptom Manage1995; 10: 385\u201391.","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(95)00061-3"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_GALER-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galer BS, Bruehl S, Harden RN. IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome: a preliminary empirical validation study. International Association for the Study of Pain. Clin J Pain1998; 14: 48\u201354.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199803000-00007"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_HABLER-ETAL-1997A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4bler HJ, Wasner G, J\u00e4nig W. Attenuation of neurogenic vasoconstriction by nitric oxide in hindlimb microvascular beds of the rat in vivo. Hypertension1997; 30: 957\u201361.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.4.957"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_HABLER-ETAL-1997B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4bler HJ, Wasner G, J\u00e4nig W. Interaction of sympathetic vasoconstriction and antidromic vasodilatation in the control of skin blood flow. Exp Brain Res1997; 113: 402\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005594"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_HARDEN-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harden RN, Duc TA, Williams TR, Coley D, Cate JC, Gracely RH. Norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in affected versus unaffected limbs in sympathetically maintained pain. Clin J Pain1994; 10: 324\u201330.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199412000-00014"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_HORNYAK-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornyak ME, Naver HK, Rydenhag B, Wallin BG. Sympathetic activity influences the vascular axon reflex in the skin. Acta Physiol Scand1990; 139: 77\u201384.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1990.tb08899.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_JAMI-ETAL-1984","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jami L, Laporte Y, Scott JJ. Some effects of sympathetic stimulation and isoprenaline on fatigued tetanic contractions of skeletal muscle in the cat. Brain Res1984; 321: 386\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90199-9"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_JOBLING-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jobling P, McLachlan EM, J\u00e4nig W, Anderson CR. Electrophysiological responses in the rat tail artery during reinnervation following lesions of the sympathetic supply. J Physiol (Lond)1992; 454: 107\u201328.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019256"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_KURVERS-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurvers HA, Jacobs MJ, Beuk RJ, Van den Wildenberg FA, Kitslaar PJ, Slaaf DW, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: evolution of microcirculatory disturbances in time. Pain1995; 60: 333\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00133-Y"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_KURVERS-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurvers HA, Jacobs MJ, Beuk RJ, van den Wildenberg FA, Kitslaar PJ, Slaaf DW, et al. The spinal component to skin blood flow abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Arch Neurol1996; 53: 58\u201365.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550010076019"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_MERSKEY-AND-BOGDUK-1995","unstructured":"Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed. Seattle: IASP Press; 1995."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_MORIWAKI-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moriwaki K, Yuge O, Tanaka H, Sasaki H, Izumi H, Kaneko K. Neuropathic pain and prolonged regional inflammation as two distinct symptomatological components in complex regional pain syndrome with patchy osteoporosis\u2014a pilot study. Pain1997; 72: 277\u201382.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00029-8"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_OCHOA-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochoa JL, Yarnitsky D, Marchettini P, Dotson R, Cline M. Interactions between sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow and C nociceptor-induced antidromic vasodilatation. Pain1993; 54: 191\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90208-7"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_OYEN-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyen WJ, Arntz IE, Claessens RM, Van der Meer JW, Corstens FH, Goris RJ. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand: an excessive inflammatory response? Pain1993; 55: 151\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90144-E"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_PITEI-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitei DL, Watkins PJ, Edmonds ME. NO-dependent smooth muscle vasodilatation is reduced in NIDDM patients with peripheral sensory neuropathy. Diabet Med1997; 14: 284\u201390.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199704)14:4<284::AID-DIA348>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_ROMMEL-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rommel O, Gehling M, Dertwinkel R, Witscher K, Zenz M, Malin JP, et al. Hemisensory impairment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain1999; 80: 95\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00202-4"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_ROSEN-ETAL-1989","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen L, Ostergren J, Roald OK, Stranden E, Fagrell B. Bilateral involvement and the effect of sympathetic blockade on skin microcirculation in the sympathetic dystrophies. Microvasc Res1989; 37: 289\u201397.","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(89)90047-2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_SCHURMANN-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcrmann M, Gradl G, Andress HJ, Furst H, Schildberg FW. Assessment of peripheral sympathetic nervous function for diagnosing early post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I. Pain1999; 80: 149\u201359.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00198-5"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_SCHWARTZMAN-AND-MCLELLAN-1987","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartzman RJ, McLellan TL. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. A review. Arch Neurol1987; 44: 555\u201361.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520170081028"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_SIEWEKE-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieweke N, Birklein F, Riedl B, Neund\u00f6rfer B, Handwerker HO. Patterns of hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain1999; 80: 171\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00200-0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_STANTON-HICKS-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanton-Hicks M, Janig W, Hassenbusch S, Haddox JD, Boas R, Wilson P. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: changing concepts and taxonomy. [Review]. Pain1995; 63: 127\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00110-E"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_VEVES-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veves A, Akbari CM, Primavera J, Donaghue VM, Zacharoulis D, Chrzan JS, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthetase in diabetic neuropathy, vascular disease, and foot ulceration. Diabetes1998; 47: 457\u201363.","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.3.457"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_WASNER-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasner G, Backonja MM, Baron R. Traumatic neuralgias: complex regional pain syndromes (reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia): clinical characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy. [Review]. Neurol Clin1998; 16: 851\u201368.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70101-8"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170624064757_WASNER-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasner G, Heckmann K, Maier C, Baron R. Vascular abnormalities in acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity with recovery. Arch Neurol1999; 56: 613\u201320.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.5.613"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/124\/3\/587\/17873228\/1240587.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]],"date-time":"2017-12-08T09:56:16Z","timestamp":1512726976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/124.3.587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/124.3.587","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2156","0006-8950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}}}