{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:32:57Z","timestamp":1791484377582,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"MRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K501268\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K501268\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The defining character of tics is that they can be transiently suppressed by volitional effort of will, and at a behavioural level this has led to the concept that tics result from a failure of inhibition. However, this logic conflates the mechanism responsible for the production of tics with that used in suppressing them. Volitional inhibition of motor output could be increased to prevent the tic from reaching the threshold for expression, although this has been extensively investigated with conflicting results. Alternatively, automatic inhibition could prevent the initial excitation of the striatal tic focus\u2014a hypothesis we have previously introduced. To reconcile these competing hypotheses, we examined different types of motor inhibition in a group of 19 patients with primary tic disorders and 15 healthy volunteers. We probed proactive and reactive inhibition using the conditional stop-signal task, and applied transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex, to assess movement preparation and execution. We assessed automatic motor inhibition with the masked priming task. We found that volitional movement preparation, execution and inhibition (proactive and reactive) were not impaired in tic disorders. We speculate that these mechanisms are recruited during volitional tic suppression, and that they prevent expression of the tic by inhibiting the nascent excitation released by the tic generator. In contrast, automatic inhibition was abnormal\/impaired in patients with tic disorders. In the masked priming task, positive and negative compatibility effects were found for healthy controls, whereas patients with tics exhibited strong positive compatibility effects, but no negative compatibility effect indicative of impaired automatic inhibition. Patients also made more errors on the masked priming task than healthy control subjects and the types of errors were consistent with impaired automatic inhibition. Errors associated with impaired automatic inhibition were positively correlated with tic severity. We conclude that voluntary movement preparation\/generation and volitional inhibition are normal in tic disorders, whereas automatic inhibition is impaired\u2014a deficit that correlated with tic severity and thus may constitute a potential mechanism by which tics are generated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T07:35:54Z","timestamp":1579592154000},"page":"906-919","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Impaired automatic but intact volitional inhibition in primary tic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7291-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal","family":"Rawji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Modi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7103-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Latorre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Hockey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailash","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Joyce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C","family":"Rothwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Jahanshahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032410380053200_awaa024-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.07.024","article-title":"From reactive to proactive and selective control: developing a richer model for stopping inappropriate responses","volume":"69","author":"Aron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020032410380053200_awaa024-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg067","article-title":"Inhibition of subliminally primed responses is mediated by the caudate and thalamus: evidence from functional MRI and Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"126","author":"Aron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020032410380053200_awaa024-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328344648c","article-title":"Recent advances in Tourette syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Bloch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2020032410380053200_awaa024-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl050","article-title":"Neural correlates of tic generation in Tourette syndrome: an event-related functional MRI study","volume":"129","author":"Bohlhalter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020032410380053200_awaa024-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psycholysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vis"},{"key":"2020032410380053200_awaa024-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8713","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0195-11.2011","article-title":"Bar-Gad I. 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