{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:02:24Z","timestamp":1787878944093,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Brain Foundation","award":["F2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2013"]}]},{"name":"Dutch Brain Foundation","award":["10-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10-15"]}]},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","award":["#91617077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#91617077"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3723-B27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3723-B27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006209","name":"Radboud University Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013301","name":"Parkinson\u2019s Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s tremor is related to cerebral activity in both the basal ganglia and a cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit. It is a common clinical observation that tremor markedly increases during cognitive load (such as mental arithmetic), leading to serious disability. Previous research has shown that this tremor amplification is associated with reduced efficacy of dopaminergic treatment. Understanding the mechanisms of tremor amplification and its relation to catecholamines might help to better control this symptom with a targeted therapy. We reasoned that, during cognitive load, tremor amplification might result from modulatory influences onto the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit controlling tremor amplitude, from the ascending arousal system (bottom-up), a cognitive control network (top-down), or their combination. We have tested these hypotheses by measuring concurrent EMG and functional MRI in 33 patients with tremulous Parkinson\u2019s disease, OFF medication, during alternating periods of rest and cognitive load (mental arithmetic). Simultaneous heart rate and pupil diameter recordings indexed activity of the arousal system (which includes noradrenergic afferences). As expected, tremor amplitude correlated with activity in a cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit; and cognitive load increased tremor amplitude, pupil diameter, heart rate, and cerebral activity in a cognitive control network distributed over fronto-parietal cortex, insula, thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex. The novel finding, obtained through network analyses, indicates that cognitive load influences tremor by increasing activity in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit in two different ways: by stimulating thalamic activity, likely through the ascending arousal system (given that this modulation correlated with changes in pupil diameter), and by strengthening connectivity between the cognitive control network and the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit. We conclude that both the bottom-up arousal system and a top-down cognitive control network amplify tremor when a Parkinson\u2019s patient experiences cognitive load. Interventions aimed at attenuating noradrenergic activity or cognitive demands may help to reduce Parkinson\u2019s tremor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T23:39:08Z","timestamp":1583192348000},"page":"1498-1511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Cognitive load amplifies Parkinson\u2019s tremor through excitatory network influences onto the thalamus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8763-8071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel F","family":"Dirkx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidemarie","family":"Zach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Medical University of Vienna, Department of Neurology, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelies J","family":"van Nuland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan R","family":"Bloem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Toni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rick C","family":"Helmich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1069","article-title":"Consensus statement on the role of acute dopaminergic challenge in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Albanese","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.9.749","article-title":"Parkinsonian tremor loses its alternating aspect during non-REM sleep and is inhibited by REM sleep","volume":"53","author":"Askenasy","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","article-title":"An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance","volume":"28","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.2.5-6.154","article-title":"Action of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Barcroft","year":"1952","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.006","article-title":"Stress-evoking emotional stimuli exaggerate deficits in motor function in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"Blakemore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B7","author":"Boron","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01823","article-title":"How to measure the psychological \u201cflow\u201d? A neuroscience perspective","volume":"7","author":"Cheron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018432","article-title":"The psychophysiology of flow during piano playing","volume":"10","author":"de Manzano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3634-15.2016","article-title":"The cerebral network of Parkinson\u2019s tremor: an effective connectivity fMRI study","volume":"36","author":"Dirkx","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B11","first-page":"721","article-title":"Dopamine controls Parkinson\u2019s tremor by inhibiting the cerebellar thalamus","volume":"140","author":"Dirkx","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","article-title":"The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside","volume":"55","author":"Dubois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034","article-title":"A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data","volume":"25","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602413113","article-title":"Cluster failure: why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates","volume":"113","author":"Eklund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3428","article-title":"The effects of neural gain on attention and learning","volume":"16","author":"Eldar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10046","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604187103","article-title":"Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems","volume":"103","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0291","article-title":"Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging","volume":"6","author":"Friston","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00202-7","article-title":"Dynamic causal modelling","volume":"19","author":"Friston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.10.2.252","article-title":"Pupil diameter tracks changes in control state predicted by the adaptive gain theory of locus coeruleus function","volume":"10","author":"Gilzenrat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27224","article-title":"The cerebral basis of Parkinsonian tremor: a network perspective","volume":"33","author":"Helmich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21318","article-title":"Motor imagery evokes increased somatosensory activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with tremor","volume":"33","author":"Helmich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22361","article-title":"Pallidal dysfunction drives a cerebellothalamic circuit into Parkinson tremor","volume":"69","author":"Helmich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.03.006","article-title":"Dynamic adaptation of large-scale brain networks in response to acute stressors","volume":"37","author":"Hermans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209603","article-title":"Stress-related noradrenergic activity prompts large-scale neural network reconfiguration","volume":"334","author":"Hermans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200007)15:4<683::AID-MDS1013>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Inter- and intralimb oscillator coupling in parkinsonian tremor","volume":"15","author":"Hurtado","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2490","article-title":"Disrupted effective connectivity of cortical systems supporting attention and interoception in melancholia","volume":"72","author":"Hyett","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B28","first-page":"179","article-title":"A role for locus coeruleus in Parkinson tremor","volume":"5","author":"Isaias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21548","article-title":"Pupil diameter predicts changes in the exploration-exploitation trade-off: evidence for the adaptive gain theory","volume":"23","author":"Jepma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/psb.1373","article-title":"Practical tips on diagnosing and managing tremor","volume":"26","author":"Kaski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prescriber"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx233","article-title":"Abnormal intrinsic brain functional network dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"140","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.0534","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness yoga vs stretching and resistance training exercises on anxiety and depression for people with parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Kwok","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.50.5.372","article-title":"The emotion probe. Studies of motivation and attention","volume":"50","author":"Lang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.7.711","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying emotional variation in parkinsonian tremor","volume":"17","author":"Marsden","year":"1967","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63817-0","article-title":"Actions of norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex and thalamus: implications for function of the central noradrenergic system","volume":"88","author":"McCormick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.08.003","article-title":"Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model","volume":"15","author":"Menon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2007.18.3-4.209","article-title":"Stress as a modulator of motor system function and pathology","volume":"18","author":"Metz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971103)387:4<588::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Multiarchitectonic and stereotactic atlas of the human thalamus","volume":"387","author":"Morel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22466","article-title":"Pupil diameter covaries with BOLD activity in human locus coeruleus","volume":"35","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01226.x","article-title":"Pupillometry and P3 index the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic arousal function in humans","volume":"48","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3130","article-title":"Rational regulation of learning dynamics by pupil-linked arousal systems","volume":"15","author":"Nassar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx042","article-title":"Impaired dual tasking in Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with reduced focusing of cortico-striatal activity","volume":"140","author":"Nieuwhof","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx267","article-title":"Entangled cerebral networks in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"140","author":"Nieuwhof","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx376","article-title":"Progression of tremor in early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinical and neuroimaging study","volume":"141","author":"Pasquini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199111000-00006","article-title":"The neuropathologic basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"50","author":"Paulus","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000709","article-title":"Comparing families of dynamic causal models","volume":"6","author":"Penny","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B48","first-page":"816404","article-title":"Mindfulness training among individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: neurobehavioral effects","volume":"2015","author":"Pickut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22318","article-title":"Levodopa affects functional brain networks in Parkinsonian resting tremor","volume":"24","author":"Pollok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.048","article-title":"Methods to detect, characterize, and remove motion artifact in resting state fMRI","volume":"84","author":"Power","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.027","article-title":"Region of interest template for the human basal ganglia: comparing EPI and standardized space approaches","volume":"39","author":"Prodoehl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.041","article-title":"Deactivation of the limbic system during acute psychosocial stress: evidence from positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"63","author":"Pruessner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.064","article-title":"ICA-AROMA: a robust ICA-based strategy for removing motion artifacts from fMRI data","volume":"112","author":"Pruim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.03.006","article-title":"Acute psychological stress reduces working memory-related activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"66","author":"Qin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22014","article-title":"Provocation of Parkinsonian tremor","volume":"23","author":"Raethjen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90175-9","article-title":"Locus coeruleus activity in monkey: phasic and tonic changes are associated with altered vigilance","volume":"35","author":"Rajkowski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13289","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13289","article-title":"Pupil fluctuations track rapid changes in adrenergic and cholinergic activity in cortex","volume":"7","author":"Reimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777193","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part II: physiological and pharmacological manipulations and pathological alterations of locus coeruleus activity in humans","volume":"6","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B60","first-page":"65","article-title":"Forebrain dopaminergic-cholinergic interactions, attentional effort, psychostimulant addiction and schizophrenia","volume":"98","author":"Sarter","year":"2006","journal-title":"EXS"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22671","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease tremor is diminished with relaxation guided imagery","volume":"24","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.04.002","article-title":"Neuromodulatory influences on integration and segregation in the brain","volume":"23","author":"Shine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz034","article-title":"Dopamine depletion alters macroscopic network dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"142","author":"Shine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt049","article-title":"Exploring the cortical and subcortical functional magnetic resonance imaging changes associated with freezing in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"136","author":"Shine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx348","article-title":"Evaluation of the noradrenergic system in Parkinson\u2019s disease: an 11C-MeNER PET and neuromelanin MRI study","volume":"141","author":"Sommerauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3916","article-title":"The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17152","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707678104","article-title":"Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation","volume":"104","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg022","article-title":"The cerebral oscillatory network of parkinsonian resting tremor","volume":"126","author":"Timmermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2733-15.2016","article-title":"Extrinsic and intrinsic brain network connectivity maintains cognition across the lifespan despite accelerated decay of regional brain activation","volume":"36","author":"Tsvetanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.10.015","article-title":"How the brain connects in response to acute stress: A review at the human brain systems level","volume":"83","author":"van Oort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1359","article-title":"Central motor loop oscillations in parkinsonian resting tremor revealed by magnetoencephalography","volume":"46","author":"Volkmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20945","article-title":"Effects of acute psychosocial stress on working memory related brain activity in men","volume":"31","author":"Weerda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.920180503","article-title":"The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation","volume":"18","author":"Yerkes","year":"1908","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol Psychol"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150650","article-title":"The clinical evaluation of Parkinson\u2019s tremor","volume":"5","author":"Zach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2020052115183174300_awaa083-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12670","article-title":"Cognitive stress reduces the effect of levodopa on Parkinson\u2019s Resting Tremor","volume":"23","author":"Zach","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/143\/5\/1498\/33281930\/awaa083.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/143\/5\/1498\/33281930\/awaa083.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T15:24:03Z","timestamp":1590074643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/143\/5\/1498\/5827585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa083","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}}}