{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:36:29Z","timestamp":1782326189943,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRR274\/12020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRR274\/12020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID408885537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID408885537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Program","award":["FP\/2007\u20132013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP\/2007\u20132013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"ERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Research and Education"},{"name":"Clinical Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis"},{"name":"Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology","award":["EXC 2145 - ID390857198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2145 - ID390857198"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004807","name":"DFG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOR 2858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR 2858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01ZZ1603A-D-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZZ1603A-D-"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01ZZ1804A-H-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZZ1804A-H-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe infection of the CNS caused by the polyomavirus JC that can occur in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Clinical management of patients with natalizumab-associated PML is challenging not least because current imaging tools for the early detection, longitudinal monitoring and differential diagnosis of PML lesions are limited.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Here we evaluate whether translocator protein (TSPO) PET imaging can be applied to monitor the inflammatory activity of PML lesions over time and differentiate them from multiple sclerosis lesions. For this monocentre pilot study we followed eight patients with natalizumab-associated PML with PET imaging using the TSPO radioligand 18F-GE-180 combined with frequent 3\u2009T MRI. In addition we compared TSPO PET signals in PML lesions with the signal pattern of multiple sclerosis lesions from 17 independent multiple sclerosis patients. We evaluated the standardized uptake value ratio as well as the morphometry of the TSPO uptake for putative PML and multiple sclerosis lesions areas compared to a radiologically unaffected pseudo-reference region in the cerebrum. Furthermore, TSPO expression in situ was immunohistochemically verified by determining the density and cellular identity of TSPO-expressing cells in brain sections from four patients with early natalizumab-associated PML as well as five patients with other forms of PML and six patients with inflammatory demyelinating CNS lesions (clinically isolated syndrome\/multiple sclerosis).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Histological analysis revealed a reticular accumulation of TSPO expressing phagocytes in PML lesions, while such phagocytes showed a more homogeneous distribution in putative multiple sclerosis lesions. TSPO PET imaging showed an enhanced tracer uptake in natalizumab-associated PML lesions that was present from the early to the chronic stages (up to 52\u2009months after PML diagnosis). While gadolinium enhancement on MRI rapidly declined to baseline levels, TSPO tracer uptake followed a slow one phase decay curve. A TSPO-based 3D diagnostic matrix taking into account the uptake levels as well as the shape and texture of the TSPO signal differentiated &amp;gt;96% of PML and multiple sclerosis lesions. Indeed, treatment with rituximab after natalizumab-associated PML in three patients did not affect tracer uptake in the assigned PML lesions but reverted tracer uptake to baseline in the assigned active multiple sclerosis lesions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Taken together our study suggests that TSPO PET imaging can reveal CNS inflammation in natalizumab-associated PML. TSPO PET may facilitate longitudinal monitoring of disease activity and help to distinguish recurrent multiple sclerosis activity from PML progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T20:12:55Z","timestamp":1616443975000},"page":"2683-2695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["TSPO PET imaging of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0127-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Mahler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian-Minh","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Unterrainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"H\u00f6llbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Havla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Ertl-Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Patzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Seelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Neitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"M\u00e4urer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juliusspital, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Krumbholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Stroke and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karl University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6571-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imke","family":"Metz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Br\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Stadelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doron","family":"Merkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Gass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Milenkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bartenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie L","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"K\u00fcmpfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kerschensteiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30040-1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and risks associated with treatments for multiple sclerosis: A decade of lessons learned","volume":"17","author":"Major","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B2","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516667241","article-title":"Predictors of severity and functional outcome in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"23","author":"Hoepner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.114","article-title":"Outcome and survival of asymptomatic PML in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"1","author":"Dong-Si","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286419837809","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419837809","article-title":"Post-natalizumab disease reactivation in multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Prosperini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e346","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000346","article-title":"Natalizumab-PML survivors with subsequent multiple sclerosis treatment: Clinico-radiologic outcome","volume":"4","author":"Maillart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1074","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160721","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20160721","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis update: Use of MRI for early diagnosis, disease monitoring and assessment of treatment related complications","volume":"90","author":"Paling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313772","article-title":"MRI criteria differentiating asymptomatic PML from new multiple sclerosis lesions during natalizumab pharmacovigilance","volume":"87","author":"Wijburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0240-y","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in multiple sclerosis - seeing what was always there","volume":"15","author":"Matthews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2008.01006.x","article-title":"Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain","volume":"35","author":"Cosenza-Nashat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz287","article-title":"A quantitative neuropathological assessment of translocator protein expression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"142","author":"Nutma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.11.2321","article-title":"The peripheral benzodiazepine binding site in the brain in multiple sclerosis: Quantitative in vivo imaging of microglia as a measure of disease activity","volume":"123","author":"Banati","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.131698","article-title":"In vivo detection of diffuse inflammation in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis using PET imaging and the radioligand 11C-PK11195","volume":"55","author":"Rissanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx228","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and its relationship to changes in brain volume and white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"140","author":"Datta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519828298","article-title":"PET is necessary to make the next step forward in understanding multiple sclerosis pathophysiology - Yes","volume":"25","author":"Bodini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16646788","article-title":"Depiction of microglial activation in aging and dementia: Positron emission tomography with 11CDPA713 versus 11C(R)PK11195","volume":"37","author":"Yokokura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006516","article-title":"Imaging microglial activation in tacrolimus-associated CNS vasculitis with translocator protein PET","volume":"91","author":"Mahler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0900-5","article-title":"Pathology of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in multiple sclerosis with natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"123","author":"Metz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000284601.54436.e4","article-title":"Cortical demyelination in PML and multiple sclerosis: Similarities and differences","volume":"70","author":"Moll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-3974-7","article-title":"TSPO PET with F-GE-180 sensitively detects focal neuroinflammation in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Unterrainer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B21","first-page":"1368","article-title":"TSPO PET, tumour grading and molecular genetics in histologically verified glioma: A correlative 18F-GE-180 PET study","author":"Unterrainer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.203109","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison of 11C-PBR28 and 18F-GE180 for quantification of the translocator protein in the human brain","volume":"59","author":"Zanotti-Fregonara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1","article-title":"PML diagnostic criteria: Consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section","volume":"80","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.169078","article-title":"Flutriciclamide (18F-GE180) PET: First-in-human PET study of novel third-generation in vivo marker of human translocator protein","volume":"57","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23676","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging pattern in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"72","author":"Yousry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz144","article-title":"Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: Practical guidelines","volume":"142","author":"Filippi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3112","article-title":"The development of an automated and GMP compliant FASTlab\u2122 Synthesis of (18) FGE-180; a radiotracer for imaging translocator protein (TSPO)","volume":"57","author":"Wickstr\u00f8m","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Labelled Comp Radiopharm"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10123","article-title":"Three-dimensional maximum probability atlas of the human brain, with particular reference to the temporal lobe","volume":"19","author":"Hammers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.034","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of brain MRIs of 2-year-olds into 83 regions of interest","volume":"40","author":"Gousias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-017-0340-x","article-title":"TSPO imaging using the novel PET ligand F-GE-180: Quantification approaches in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Vomacka","year":"2017","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11075","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11075","article-title":"The effect of SUV discretization in quantitative FDG-PET Radiomics: The need for standardized methodology in tumor texture analysis","volume":"5","author":"Leijenaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.217612","article-title":"Optimized feature extraction for radiomics analysis of 18F-FDG PET imaging","volume":"60","author":"Papp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.125625","article-title":"Detection of microglial activation in an acute model of neuroinflammation using PET and radiotracers 11C-(R)-PK11195 and 18F-GE-180","volume":"55","author":"Dickens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy296","article-title":"Quantitative susceptibility mapping identifies inflammation in a subset of chronic multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"142","author":"Kaunzner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1381-4","article-title":"Imaging glial activation in patients with post-treatment Lyme disease symptoms: A pilot study using 11CDPA-713 PET","volume":"15","author":"Coughlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316657432","article-title":"Neuroimaging of translocator protein in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A pilot study using 11CDPA-713 positron emission tomography","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90602","article-title":"Microglia in steady state","volume":"127","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.003","article-title":"Disease-associated microglia: A universal immune sensor of neurodegeneration","volume":"173","author":"Deczkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9243-6","article-title":"Translocator protein PET imaging for glial activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Oh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810316","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab monotherapy","volume":"361","author":"Lind\u00e5","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821a446b","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"76","author":"Vermersch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006213","article-title":"The utility of FDG-PET imaging in distinguishing PML-IRIS from PML in a patient treated with natalizumab","volume":"91","author":"Baheerathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00454","article-title":"Insight into metabolic 1H-MRS changes in natalizumab induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy brain lesions","volume":"8","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0176415","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176415","article-title":"Metabolic profiles by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in natalizumab-associated post-PML lesions of multiple sclerosis patients who survived progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)","volume":"12","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1815039","article-title":"Pembrolizumab treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"380","author":"Cortese","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e628","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000628","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy due to primary immunodeficiency","volume":"6","author":"K\u00fcpper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e756","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000756","article-title":"Sequential interleukin 2 and pembrolizumab use in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"7","author":"Mahler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285614556287","article-title":"Rituximab postprogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: A feasible therapeutic option in selected cases","volume":"7","author":"Hoepner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"16","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002586","article-title":"Punctate pattern: A promising imaging marker for the diagnosis of natalizumab-associated PML","volume":"86","author":"Hodel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B50","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Clinical neuroradiology","author":"Rovira","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B51","first-page":"809252","article-title":"Neuroimaging of natalizumab complications in multiple sclerosis: PML and other associated entities","volume":"2015","author":"Honce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.053","article-title":"Microglia biology: One century of evolving concepts","volume":"179","author":"Prinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7796","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1999-0","article-title":"MAFG-driven astrocytes promote CNS inflammation","volume":"578","author":"Wheeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17748786","article-title":"Sifting through the surfeit of neuroinflammation tracers","volume":"38","author":"Cumming","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2939-8","article-title":"18F-GE-180: A novel TSPO radiotracer compared to 11C-R-PK11195 in a preclinical model of stroke","volume":"42","author":"Boutin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-016-3444-z","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of the translocator protein positron emission tomography ligand 18FGE-180 in the human brain","volume":"43","author":"Feeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-4268-4","article-title":"The validity of 18F-GE180 as a TSPO imaging agent","volume":"46","author":"Zanotti-Fregonara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04294-8","article-title":"In response to: The validity of 18F-GE180 as a TSPO imaging agent","volume":"46","author":"Albert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-019-01323-8","article-title":"Confirmation of specific binding of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand [18F]GE-180: a blocking study using XBD173 in multiple sclerosis normal appearing white and grey matter","volume":"21","author":"Sridharan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.070151","article-title":"P-glycoprotein function at the blood-brain barrier in humans can be quantified with the substrate radiotracer 11C-N-desmethyl-loperamide","volume":"51","author":"Kreisl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"364","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364ra152","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf8020","article-title":"Imaging matrix metalloproteinase activity in multiple sclerosis as a specific marker of leukocyte penetration of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"8","author":"Gerwien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X19854541","article-title":"Measurement of cerebral ABCC1 transport activity in wild-type and APP\/PS1-21 mice with positron emission tomography","volume":"40","author":"Zoufal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.183020","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of fingolimod treatment on microglial activation using serial PET imaging in multiple sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Sucksdorff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021103110133907000_awab127-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.15967","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in neocortical epilepsy measured by PET imaging of translocator protein","volume":"60","author":"Dickstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awab127\/40315792\/awab127.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/144\/9\/2683\/40880278\/awab127.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/144\/9\/2683\/40880278\/awab127.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T18:20:07Z","timestamp":1698085207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/144\/9\/2683\/6184141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab127","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}}}