{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:29:37Z","timestamp":1792646977255,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease, beta (\u03b2) and gamma (\u03b3) oscillations are altered in the basal ganglia, and this abnormality contributes to the pathophysiology of bradykinesia. However, it is unclear whether \u03b2 and \u03b3 rhythms at the primary motor cortex (M1) level influence bradykinesia.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can modulate cortical rhythms by entraining endogenous oscillations. We tested whether \u03b2- and \u03b3-tACS on M1 modulate bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease by analysing the kinematic features of repetitive finger tapping, including movement amplitude, velocity and sequence effect, recorded during \u03b2-, \u03b3- and sham tACS. We also verified whether possible tACS-induced bradykinesia changes depended on modifications in specific M1 circuits, as assessed by short-interval intracortical inhibition and short-latency afferent inhibition. Patients were studied OFF and ON dopaminergic therapy. Results were compared to those obtained in a group of healthy subjects.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In patients, movement velocity significantly worsened during \u03b2-tACS and movement amplitude improved during \u03b3-tACS, while the sequence effect did not change. In addition, short-latency afferent inhibition decreased (reduced inhibition) during \u03b2-tACS and short-interval intracortical inhibition decreased during both \u03b3- and \u03b2-tACS in Parkinson\u2019s disease. The effects of tACS were comparable between OFF and ON sessions. In patients OFF therapy, the degree of short-interval intracortical inhibition modulation during \u03b2- and \u03b3-tACS correlated with movement velocity and amplitude changes. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the effect of \u03b3-tACS on movement amplitude and motor symptoms severity. Our results show that cortical \u03b2 and \u03b3 oscillations are relevant in the pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease and that changes in inhibitory GABA-A-ergic interneuronal activity may reflect compensatory M1 mechanisms to counteract bradykinesia.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In conclusion, abnormal oscillations at the M1 level of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network play a relevant role in the pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T19:12:10Z","timestamp":1625598730000},"page":"224-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Driving motor cortex oscillations modulates bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6601-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Guerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Giangrosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cannavacciuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Paparella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Fabbrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Suppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bologna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2022040311305300800_awab257-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz344","article-title":"Evolving concepts on bradykinesia","volume":"143","author":"Bologna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040311305300800_awab257-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10358","article-title":"Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: Relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2022040311305300800_awab257-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.07.005","article-title":"\u03b3 oscillations in the human basal ganglia","volume":"245","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022040311305300800_awab257-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000034","article-title":"Synchronized neural oscillations and the pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Oswal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040311305300800_awab257-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)10065-5","article-title":"Human cortical oscillations: A neuromagnetic view through the skull","volume":"20","author":"Hari","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022040311305300800_awab257-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.12.2301","article-title":"Functional mapping of human sensorimotor cortex with electrocorticographic spectral analysis. 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