{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:54:37Z","timestamp":1780541677906,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cervical dystonia is a non-degenerative movement disorder characterized by dysfunction of both motor and sensory cortico-basal ganglia networks. Deep brain stimulation targeted to the internal pallidum is an established treatment, but its specific mechanisms remain elusive, and response to therapy is highly variable. Modulation of key dysfunctional networks via axonal connections is likely important.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Fifteen patients underwent preoperative diffusion-MRI acquisitions and then progressed to bilateral deep brain stimulation targeting the posterior internal pallidum. Severity of disease was assessed preoperatively and later at follow-up. Scans were used to generate tractography-derived connectivity estimates between the bilateral regions of stimulation and relevant structures.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Connectivity to the putamen correlated with clinical improvement, and a series of cortical connectivity-based putaminal parcellations identified the primary motor putamen as the key node (r\u2009=\u20090.70, P\u2009=\u20090.004). A regression model with this connectivity and electrode coordinates explained 68% of the variance in outcomes (r\u2009=\u20090.83, P\u2009=\u20090.001), with both as significant explanatory variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We conclude that modulation of the primary motor putamen\u2013posterior internal pallidum limb of the cortico-basal ganglia loop is characteristic of successful deep brain stimulation treatment of cervical dystonia. Preoperative diffusion imaging contains additional information that predicts outcomes, implying utility for patient selection and\/or individualized targeting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T11:29:54Z","timestamp":1626866994000},"page":"3589-3596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pallido-putaminal connectivity predicts outcomes of deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3866-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley L B","family":"Raghu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Eraifej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagaraja","family":"Sarangmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J","family":"FitzGerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tipu Z","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021123120123173100_awab280-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.1.0053","article-title":"Leksell\u2019s posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"76","author":"Laitinen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021123120123173100_awab280-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03042.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias: EFNS dystonia guidelines","volume":"18","author":"Albanese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021123120123173100_awab280-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.2.508","article-title":"A primate genesis model of focal dystonia and repetitive strain injury: I. 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