{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:39:35Z","timestamp":1791999575401,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research to A.B. and N.B.","award":["CIHR, MOP-57840 and 123520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR, MOP-57840 and 123520"]}]},{"name":"Epilepsy Canada (Jay & Aiden Barker Breakthrough Grant in Clinical & Basic Sciences to A.B.) and Brain Canada"},{"name":"Canadian League Against Epilepsy (S.J.H.), Savoy Foundation for Epilepsy (H.M.L. and F.F.) and Fonds de Recherche Sante\u2014Quebec"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery-1304413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery-1304413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIHR FDN-154298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR FDN-154298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SickKids Foundation","award":["NI17-039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NI17-039"]}]},{"name":"Azrieli Center for Autism Research (ACAR-TACC), FRQS and the Tier-2 Canada Research Chairs program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, precise predictions of drug response, surgical outcome and cognitive dysfunction at an individual level remain challenging. A possible explanation may lie in the dominant \u2018one-size-fits-all\u2019 group-level analytical approaches that does not allow parsing interindividual variations along the disease spectrum. Conversely, analysing inter-patient heterogeneity is increasingly recognized as a step towards person-centred care.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Here, we used unsupervised machine learning to estimate latent relations (or disease factors) from 3 T multimodal MRI features [cortical thickness, hippocampal volume, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T1\/FLAIR, diffusion parameters] representing whole-brain patterns of structural pathology in 82 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. We assessed the specificity of our approach against age- and sex-matched healthy individuals and a cohort of frontal lobe epilepsy patients with histologically verified focal cortical dysplasia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We identified four latent disease factors variably co-expressed within each patient and characterized by ipsilateral hippocampal microstructural alterations, loss of myelin and atrophy (Factor 1), bilateral paralimbic and hippocampal gliosis (Factor 2), bilateral neocortical atrophy (Factor 3) and bilateral white matter microstructural alterations (Factor 4). Bootstrap analysis and parameter variations supported high stability and robustness of these factors. Moreover, they were not expressed in healthy controls and only negligibly in disease controls, supporting specificity. Supervised classifiers trained on latent disease factors could predict patient-specific drug response in 76 \u00b1 3% and postsurgical seizure outcome in 88 \u00b1 2%, outperforming classifiers that did not operate on latent factor information. Latent factor models predicted inter-patient variability in cognitive dysfunction (verbal IQ: r = 0.40 \u00b1 0.03; memory: r = 0.35 \u00b1 0.03; sequential motor tapping: r = 0.36 \u00b1 0.04), again outperforming baseline learners.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Data-driven analysis of disease factors provides a novel appraisal of the continuum of interindividual variability, which is probably determined by multiple interacting pathological processes. Incorporating interindividual variability is likely to improve clinical prognostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T15:19:09Z","timestamp":1637767149000},"page":"897-908","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Decomposing MRI phenotypic heterogeneity in epilepsy: a step towards personalized classification"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Hyo Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Fadaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravnoor","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Caldairou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Sziklas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelle","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok-Jun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research Institute for Basic Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris C","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9358-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1847-578X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181b05d67","article-title":"Temporal lobe sclerosis associated with hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: Neuropathological features","volume":"68","author":"Thom","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/89.3.499","article-title":"Epilepsy and the temporal lobes: A clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathologic study of the brain in epilepsy, with particular reference to the temporal lobes","volume":"89","author":"Margerison","year":"1966","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24318","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and histology correlation in the neocortex in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"77","author":"Goubran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2000.00229.x","article-title":"Microdysgenesis with abnormal cortical myelinated fibres in temporal lobe epilepsy: A histopathological study with calbindin D-28-K immunohistochemistry","volume":"26","author":"Thom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol."},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws149","article-title":"Blurring in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: Clinical, high-field imaging and ultrastructural study","volume":"135","author":"Garbelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"22","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e0f80a","article-title":"Cortical thickness analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy: Reproducibility and relation to outcome","volume":"74","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx341","article-title":"Structural brain abnormalities in the common epilepsies assessed in a worldwide ENIGMA study","volume":"141","author":"Whelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14017","article-title":"Topographic principles of cortical fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"59","author":"Adler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.9.1793","article-title":"Detection of hippocampal pathology in intractable partial epilepsy: Increased sensitivity with quantitative magnetic resonance T2 relaxometry","volume":"43","author":"Jackson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.002","article-title":"Preferential susceptibility of limbic cortices to microstructural damage in temporal lobe epilepsy: A quantitative T1 mapping study","volume":"182","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww167","article-title":"The superficial white matter in temporal lobe epilepsy: A key link between structural and functional network disruptions","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4185","article-title":"Altered microstructure in temporal lobe epilepsy: A diffusional kurtosis imaging study","volume":"36","author":"Bonilha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1957","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007370","article-title":"Cognitive phenotypes in temporal lobe epilepsy are associated with distinct patterns of white matter network abnormalities","volume":"92","author":"Reyes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"45","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13892","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518285112","article-title":"Why significant variables aren't automatically good predictors","volume":"112","author":"Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"42","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6535","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611073113","article-title":"Bayesian model reveals latent atrophy factors with dissociable cognitive trajectories in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.11.009","article-title":"Reconciling dimensional and categorical models of autism heterogeneity: A brain connectomics and behavioral study","volume":"87","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.32701.x","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of hippocampal pathology in human temporal lobe epilepsy: Evidence for distinctive patient subcategories","volume":"44","author":"De Lanerolle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0187-0","article-title":"A new clinico-pathological classification system for mesial temporal sclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Bl\u00fcmcke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24341","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging pattern learning in temporal lobe epilepsy: Classification and prognostics","volume":"77","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116706","article-title":"Multidimensional associations between cognition and connectome organization in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"213","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cruces","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.02.079","article-title":"Single subject prediction of brain disorders in neuroimaging: Promises and pitfalls","volume":"145","author":"Arbabshirani","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B22","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"Blei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1185-4_2","volume-title":"Understanding psychological assessment.","author":"Ryan","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B24","first-page":"851","volume-title":"The treatment of epilepsy.","author":"Jones-Gotman"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639608408998","article-title":"Performance of healthy subjects and patients with resection from the anterior temporal lobe on matched tests of verbal and visuoperceptual learning","volume":"18","author":"Majdan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B26","volume-title":"Primary mental abilities","author":"Thurstone","year":"1938"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(88)90032-2","article-title":"Performance on unimanual and bimanual tapping tasks by patients with lesions of the frontal or temporal lobe","volume":"26","author":"Leonard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12220","article-title":"International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: A Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods","volume":"54","author":"Bl\u00fcmcke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)70884-5","article-title":"Unbiased nonlinear average age-appropriate brain templates from birth to adulthood","volume":"47","author":"Fonov","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22862","article-title":"Accurate cortical tissue classification on MRI by modeling cortical folding patterns","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","article-title":"Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.060","article-title":"Accurate and robust brain image alignment using boundary-based registration","volume":"48","author":"Greve","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.03.036","article-title":"Automated 3-D extraction and evaluation of the inner and outer cortical surfaces using a Laplacian map and partial volume effect classification","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.10.041","article-title":"An unbiased iterative group registration template for cortical surface analysis","volume":"34","author":"Lyttelton","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003632","article-title":"Multimodal MRI profiling of focal cortical dysplasia type II","volume":"88","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B36","first-page":"379","volume-title":"A surface patch-based segmentation method for hippocampal subfields","author":"Caldairou","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150059","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.59","article-title":"Multi-contrast submillimetric 3 Tesla hippocampal subfield segmentation protocol and dataset","volume":"2","author":"Kulaga-Yoskovitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Data."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B38","first-page":"445","volume-title":"Robust surface-based multi-template automated algorithm to segment healthy and pathological hippocampi.","author":"Kim","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24691","article-title":"The spectrum of structural and functional imaging abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"80","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"issue":"32","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11597","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2180-11.2011","article-title":"Mapping human cortical areas in vivo based on myelin content as revealed by T1- and T2-weighted MRI","volume":"31","author":"Glasser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"issue":"7-8","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.782","article-title":"The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system\u2013a technical review","volume":"15","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2002","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"issue":"6755","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/44565","article-title":"Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization","volume":"401","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc Ser B (Methodol)."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B44","first-page":"2939785","author":"Chen","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B45","first-page":"441","volume-title":"Index of balanced accuracy: A performance measure for skewed class distributions.","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9","article-title":"From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees","volume":"2","author":"Lundberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05317-y","article-title":"Linked dimensions of psychopathology and connectivity in functional brain networks","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3632","article-title":"Embracing patient heterogeneity","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2209","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007447","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy: Hippocampal pathology modulates connectome topology and controllability","volume":"92","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16540","article-title":"Functional connectome contractions in temporal lobe epilepsy: Microstructural underpinnings and predictors of surgical outcome","volume":"61","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004176","article-title":"A meta-analysis on progressive atrophy in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Time is brain?","volume":"89","author":"Caciagli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"21","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000436069.20513.92","article-title":"Patterns of subregional mesiotemporal disease progression in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"81","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14614","article-title":"Alterations in the hippocampal-thalamic pathway underlying secondarily generalized tonic\u2013clonic seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.12.034","article-title":"Altered resting state networks in epileptic patients with generalized tonic\u2013clonic seizures","volume":"1374","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0611-3","article-title":"An improved neuroanatomical model of the default-mode network reconciles previous neuroimaging and neuropathological findings","volume":"2","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun Biol."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60673","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60673","article-title":"Convergence of cortical types and functional motifs in the human mesiotemporal lobe","volume":"9","author":"Paquola","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife."},{"issue":"40","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10154","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803667115","article-title":"Anatomical and microstructural determinants of hippocampal subfield functional connectome embedding","volume":"115","author":"de Wael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.011","article-title":"The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease","author":"Buckner","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10171","article-title":"Seizure-associated hippocampal volume loss: A longitudinal magnetic resonance study of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"51","author":"Briellmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.08.002","article-title":"Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation","volume":"32","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20394","article-title":"Functional changes in astroglial cells in epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Binder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20380","article-title":"Epileptogenic roles of astroglial death and regeneration in the dentate gyrus of experimental temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.11.008","article-title":"Glia and epilepsy: Excitability and inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Devinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2006.01.011","article-title":"The role of synaptic reorganization in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"Cavazos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)35021-0","article-title":"Do seizures beget seizures?","volume":"135","author":"Hauser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progr Brain Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345969.57574.f5","article-title":"Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of atrophy in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"72","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1708","article-title":"Progressive cortical thinning in patients with focal epilepsy","volume":"76","author":"Galovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b783dd","article-title":"Seizure frequency and lateralization affect progression of atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"73","author":"Coan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1619-09.2010","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging and histopathology of the fimbria-fornix in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Concha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.02991.x","article-title":"In vivo diffusion tensor imaging and ex vivo histologic characterization of white matter pathology in a post\u2013status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"van Eijsden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2012.09.010","article-title":"Mesial temporal sclerosis is linked with more widespread white matter changes in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20334","article-title":"Bilateral limbic diffusion abnormalities in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"57","author":"Concha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002374","article-title":"Whole-brain MRI phenotyping in dysplasia-related frontal lobe epilepsy","volume":"86","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201651","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/201651","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery failures: A review","volume":"2012","author":"Harroud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res Treatment."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B75","first-page":"204","article-title":"Quantitative MRI in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy: Relationship with surgical outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Bonilha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24376","article-title":"Thalamotemporal alteration and postoperative seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"77","author":"Keller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.6.1525","article-title":"Normalization of neuronal metabolic dysfunction after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy: Evidence from proton MR spectroscopic imaging","volume":"49","author":"Cendes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn111","article-title":"Epileptogenicity of brain structures in human temporal lobe epilepsy: A quantified study from intracerebral EEG","volume":"131","author":"Bartolomei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.05.012","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive phenotypes in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Dabbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16528","article-title":"Cognitive phenotypes in temporal lobe epilepsy utilizing data- and clinically driven approaches: Moving toward a new taxonomy","volume":"61","author":"Reyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70018-8","article-title":"The neurobehavioural comorbidities of epilepsy: Can a natural history be developed?","volume":"7","author":"Hermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639208402854","article-title":"Specificity in the correlation of verbal memory and hippocampal neuron loss: Dissociation of memory, language, and verbal intellectual ability","volume":"14","author":"Sass","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B83","first-page":"12","article-title":"Hippocampal cell loss and gliosis: Relationship to preoperative and postoperative memory function","volume":"11","author":"Baxendale","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00830-9","article-title":"The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory","volume":"35","author":"Burgess","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab121","article-title":"Atypical neural topographies underpin dysfunctional pattern separation in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"144","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.3","article-title":"The neurobiology of cognitive disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"issue":"7575","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15389","article-title":"Projections from neocortex mediate top-down control of memory retrieval","volume":"526","author":"Rajasethupathy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.11.1694","article-title":"Verbal memory impairment correlates with hippocampal pyramidal cell density","volume":"40","author":"Sass","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.036","article-title":"Brain spontaneous functional connectivity and intelligence","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e3182a3d353","article-title":"Motor skill learning is associated with diffusion characteristics of white matter in individuals with chronic stroke","volume":"38","author":"Borich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75617-1","article-title":"Disrupted white matter integrity and network connectivity are related to poor motor performance","volume":"10","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.14091200","article-title":"Identification of distinct psychosis biotypes using brain-based biomarkers","volume":"173","author":"Clementz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx229","article-title":"Multidimensional neuroanatomical subtyping of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"28","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022042902242725800_awab425-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.03.022","article-title":"Towards neurosubtypes in autism","volume":"88","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awab425\/42893631\/awab425.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/145\/3\/897\/43500081\/awab425.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/145\/3\/897\/43500081\/awab425.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T19:22:15Z","timestamp":1726168935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/145\/3\/897\/6446029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab425","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]}}}