{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T08:35:35Z","timestamp":1792139735488,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013130","name":"Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH"},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007188","name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are currently no non-invasive imaging methods available for astrogliosis assessment or mapping in the central nervous system despite its essential role in the response to many disease states, such as infarcts, neurodegenerative conditions, traumatic brain injury and infection. Multidimensional MRI is an increasingly employed imaging modality that maximizes the amount of encoded chemical and microstructural information by probing relaxation (T1 and T2) and diffusion mechanisms simultaneously. Here, we harness the exquisite sensitivity of this imagining modality to derive a signature of astrogliosis and disentangle it from normative brain at the individual level using machine learning. We investigated ex vivo cerebral cortical tissue specimens derived from seven subjects who sustained blast-induced injuries, which resulted in scar-border forming astrogliosis without being accompanied by other types of neuropathological abnormality, and from seven control brain donors. By performing a combined post-mortem radiology and histopathology correlation study we found that astrogliosis induces microstructural and chemical changes that are robustly detected with multidimensional MRI, and which can be attributed to astrogliosis because no axonal damage, demyelination or tauopathy were histologically observed in any of the cases in the study. Importantly, we showed that no one-dimensional T1, T2 or diffusion MRI measurement can disentangle the microscopic alterations caused by this neuropathology. Based on these findings, we developed a within-subject anomaly detection procedure that generates MRI-based astrogliosis biomarker maps ex vivo, which were significantly and strongly correlated with co-registered histological images of increased glial fibrillary acidic protein deposition (r = 0.856, P &amp;lt; 0.0001; r = 0.789, P &amp;lt; 0.0001; r = 0.793, P &amp;lt; 0.0001, for diffusion-T2, diffusion-T1 and T1\u2013T2 multidimensional data sets, respectively). Our findings elucidate the underpinning of MRI signal response from astrogliosis, and the demonstrated high spatial sensitivity and specificity in detecting reactive astrocytes at the individual level, and if reproduced in vivo, will significantly impact neuroimaging studies of injury, disease, repair and aging, in which astrogliosis has so far been an invisible process radiologically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T02:17:52Z","timestamp":1660270672000},"page":"1212-1226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Mapping astrogliosis in the individual human brain using multidimensional MRI"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9558-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Benjamini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH , Bethesda, MD 20891 , USA"},{"name":"Multiscale Imaging and Integrative Biophysics Unit, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, NIH , Baltimore, MD 21224 , USA"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S","family":"Priemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA"},{"name":"The Department of Defense\/Uniformed Services, University Brain Tissue Repository , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA"},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF) , Bethesda, MD 20817 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P","family":"Perl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA"},{"name":"The Department of Defense\/Uniformed Services, University Brain Tissue Repository , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L","family":"Brody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH , Bethesda, MD 20892 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Basser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH , Bethesda, MD 20891 , USA"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023030117501807000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: Biology and 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