{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:10:06Z","timestamp":1791915006724,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Welcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["089231\/A\/09\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["089231\/A\/09\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Health\u2019s National Institute"},{"name":"Health Research Biomedical Research Centre\u2019s"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015873","name":"National Brain Appeal","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000627","name":"Guarantors of Brain","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fluid intelligence is arguably the defining feature of human cognition. Yet the nature of its relationship with the brain remains a contentious topic. Influential proposals drawing primarily on functional imaging data have implicated \u2018multiple demand\u2019 frontoparietal and more widely distributed cortical networks, but extant lesion-deficit studies with greater causal power are almost all small, methodologically constrained, and inconclusive. The task demands large samples of patients, comprehensive investigation of performance, fine-grained anatomical mapping, and robust lesion-deficit inference, yet to be brought to bear on it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We assessed 165 healthy controls and 227 frontal or non-frontal patients with unilateral brain lesions on the best-established test of fluid intelligence, Raven\u2019s Advanced Progressive Matrices, employing an array of lesion-deficit inferential models responsive to the potentially distributed nature of fluid intelligence. Non-parametric Bayesian stochastic block models were used to reveal the community structure of lesion deficit networks, disentangling functional from confounding pathological distributed effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Impaired performance was confined to patients with frontal lesions [F(2,387) = 18.491; P &amp;lt; 0.001; frontal worse than non-frontal and healthy participants P &amp;lt; 0.01, P &amp;lt;0.001], more marked on the right than left [F(4,385) = 12.237; P &amp;lt; 0.001; right worse than left and healthy participants P &amp;lt; 0.01, P &amp;lt; 0.001]. Patients with non-frontal lesions were indistinguishable from controls and showed no modulation by laterality. Neither the presence nor the extent of multiple demand network involvement affected performance. Both conventional network-based statistics and non-parametric Bayesian stochastic block modelling heavily implicated the right frontal lobe. Crucially, this localization was confirmed on explicitly disentangling functional from pathology-driven effects within a layered stochastic block model, prominently highlighting a right frontal network involving middle and inferior frontal gyrus, pre- and post-central gyri, with a weak contribution from right superior parietal lobule. Similar results were obtained with standard lesion-deficit analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our study represents the first large-scale investigation of the distributed neural substrates of fluid intelligence in the focally injured brain. Combining novel graph-based lesion-deficit mapping with detailed investigation of cognitive performance in a large sample of patients provides crucial information about the neural basis of intelligence. Our findings indicate that a set of predominantly right frontal regions, rather than a more widely distributed network, is critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence. Further they suggest that Raven\u2019s Advanced Progressive Matrices is a useful clinical index of fluid intelligence and a sensitive marker of right frontal lobe dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T16:34:36Z","timestamp":1661445276000},"page":"167-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Graph lesion-deficit mapping of fluid intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5838-3647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Cipolotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London WC1N 3BG , UK"},{"name":"Institute of Neurology, University College London , London WC1N 3BG , 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London WC1N 3BG , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4672-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harpreet","family":"Hyare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology, University College London , London WC1N 3BG , UK"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London NW1 2PG , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Shallice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London , London WC1N 3AZ , UK"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS) , 34136 Trieste , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and 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