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In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that slowly evolving cystic white matter injury after hypoxia-ischaemia is mediated by programmed necrosis initiated by tumour necrosis factor. Tumour necrosis factor blockade was begun 3 days after hypoxia-ischaemia to target the tertiary phase of injury, when most secondary cell death is thought to be complete.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Chronically instrumented preterm foetal sheep (0.7 gestation) received 25 min of hypoxia-ischaemia induced by complete umbilical cord occlusion or sham-umbilical cord occlusion (controls, n = 10), followed by intracerebroventricular infusion of the soluble TNF inhibitor, Etanercept, at 3, 8 and 13 days after umbilical cord occlusion (n = 9) or vehicle (n = 9). Foetal brains were processed for histology at 21 days after umbilical cord occlusion.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Umbilical cord occlusion with vehicle was associated with a spectrum of macroscopic white matter degeneration, including white matter atrophy, ventriculomegaly and overt temporal lobe cystic white matter injury. Oligodendrocyte maturational arrest and impaired labelling of myelin proteins, characteristic of diffuse white matter injury, was observed in the parietal lobe and surrounding the cystic lesions in the temporal lobe. Etanercept markedly attenuated cystic white matter injury on the side of the intracerebroventricular infusion, with partial contralateral protection. Further, Etanercept improved oligodendrocyte maturation and labelling of myelin proteins in the temporal and parietal lobes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The present study shows that cystic white matter injury reflects late-onset tertiary cell death mediated by delayed neuroinflammation through the tumour necrosis factor pathway. Delayed tumour necrosis factor blockade markedly attenuated cystic white matter injury and restored oligodendrocyte maturation and deficits in myelin protein expression. These data suggest that delayed tumour necrosis factor blockade may represent a viable therapeutic strategy to reduce the risk of cystic and diffuse white matter injury and potentially cerebral palsy after preterm birth, with a surprisingly wide therapeutic window.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T12:59:57Z","timestamp":1662641997000},"page":"1453-1466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Tumour necrosis factor blockade after asphyxia in foetal sheep ameliorates cystic white matter injury"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A","family":"Lear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin A","family":"Lear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne O","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8655-6426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jialin","family":"Sae-Jiw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna M","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simerdeep K","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0656-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alistair J","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bennet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041916395884400_awac331-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14011","article-title":"Cerebral palsy trends in Australia (1995\u20132009): A population-based observational study","volume":"61","author":"Galea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023041916395884400_awac331-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0294-5","article-title":"A population-based study of cystic white matter injury on ultrasound in very preterm infants born over two decades in Nova Scotia, Canada","volume":"39","author":"Ghotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2023041916395884400_awac331-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1962.04210050022004","article-title":"Periventricular leukomalacia of infancy. 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