{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:12:43Z","timestamp":1790770363106,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MRC Clinician-Scientist Fellowship","award":["MR\/P008593\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P008593\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Myoclonus dystonia is a childhood-onset hyperkinetic movement disorder with a combined motor and psychiatric phenotype. It represents one of the few autosomal dominant inherited dystonic disorders and is caused by mutations in the \u03b5-sarcoglycan (SGCE) gene. Work to date suggests that dystonia is caused by disruption of neuronal networks, principally basal ganglia-cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuits. Investigation of cortical involvement has primarily focused on disruption to interneuron inhibitory activity, rather than the excitatory activity of cortical pyramidal neurons. Here, we have sought to examine excitatory cortical glutamatergic activity using two approaches: the CRISPR\/Cas9 editing of a human embryonic cell line, generating an SGCE compound heterozygous mutation, and three patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines, each gene edited to generate matched wild-type SGCE control lines. Differentiation towards a cortical neuronal phenotype demonstrated no significant differences in either early- (PAX6, FOXG1) or late-stage (CTIP2, TBR1) neurodevelopmental markers. However, functional characterization using Ca2+ imaging and microelectrode array approaches identified an increase in network activity, while single-cell patch clamp studies found a greater propensity towards action potential generation with larger amplitudes and shorter half-widths associated with SGCE mutations. Bulk RNA sequencing analysis identified gene ontological enrichment for \u2018neuron projection development\u2019, \u2018synaptic signalling\u2019 and \u2018synaptic transmission\u2019. Examination of dendritic morphology found SGCE mutations to be associated with a significantly higher number of branches and longer branch lengths, together with longer ion-channel dense axon initial segments, particularly towards the latter stages of differentiation (Days 80 and 100). Gene expression and protein quantification of key synaptic proteins (synaptophysin, synapsin and PSD95), AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits found no significant differences between the SGCE mutation and matched wild-type lines. By contrast, significant changes to synaptic adhesion molecule expression were identified, namely higher presynaptic neurexin-1 and lower postsynaptic neuroligin-4 levels in the SGCE mutation carrying lines. Our study demonstrates an increased intrinsic excitability of cortical glutamatergic neuronal cells in the context of SGCE mutations, coupled with a more complex neurite morphology and disruption to synaptic adhesion molecules. These changes potentially represent key components to the development of the hyperkinetic clinical phenotype observed in myoclonus dystonia, as well a central feature to the wider spectrum of dystonic disorders, potentially providing targets for future therapeutic development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T07:11:54Z","timestamp":1665126714000},"page":"1523-1541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cortical neuronal hyperexcitability and synaptic changes in <i>SGCE<\/i> mutation-positive myoclonus dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Sperandeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Tamburini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Noakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Cabezas","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Keefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olena","family":"Petter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Plumbly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-5253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas E","family":"Clifton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4749-4944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn J","family":"Peall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023062113152291800_awac365-B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adult-onset idiopathic dystonia: A national data-linkage study to determine epidemiological, social deprivation, and mortality characteristics","volume":"29","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023062113152291800_awac365-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325193","article-title":"Quality of life in isolated dystonia: Non-motor manifestations matter","volume":"92","author":"Junker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023062113152291800_awac365-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13349","article-title":"Clinical characterization of dystonia in adult patients with Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"van de Zande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023062113152291800_awac365-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28078","article-title":"Movement disorder phenotypes in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Cunningham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2023062113152291800_awac365-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.05.014","article-title":"Dystonia genes and their biological pathways","volume":"129","author":"Jinnah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2023062113152291800_awac365-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/ng709","article-title":"Mutations in the gene encoding \u03b5-sarcoglycan cause myoclonus-dystonia syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Zimprich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat 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