{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:45:45Z","timestamp":1791945945675,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012505","name":"Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Apathy is a core symptom in patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). It is defined by the observable reduction in goal-directed behaviour, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. According to decision theory, engagement in goal-directed behaviour depends on a cost\u2013benefit optimization trading off the estimated effort (related to the behaviour) against the expected reward (related to the goal). In this framework, apathy would thus result from either a decreased appetence for reward, or from an increased aversion to effort. Here, we phenotyped the motivational state of 21 patients with bvFTD and 40 matched healthy controls using computational analyses of behavioural responses in a comprehensive series of behavioural tasks, involving both expression of preference (comparing reward value and effort cost) and optimization of performance (adjusting effort production to the reward at stake). The primary finding was an elevated aversion to effort, consistent across preference and performance tasks in patients with bvFTD compared to controls. Within the bvFTD group, effort avoidance was correlated to cortical atrophy in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and to apathy score measured on a clinical scale. Thus, our results highlight elevated effort aversion (not reduced reward appetence) as a core dysfunction that might generate apathy in patients with bvFTD. More broadly, they provide novel behavioural tests and computational tools to identify the dysfunctional mechanisms producing motivation deficits in patients with brain damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T21:53:11Z","timestamp":1668894791000},"page":"712-726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Effort avoidance as a core mechanism of apathy in frontotemporal dementia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9982-3645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Le Bouc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Motivation, Brain and Behavior Laboratory (MBB), Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , F-75013 Paris , France"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University , Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F75013 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Borderies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motivation, Brain and Behavior Laboratory (MBB), Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , F-75013 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilhem","family":"Carle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University , Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F75013 Paris , France"},{"name":"FrontLab, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , F-75013 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Robriquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motivation, Brain and Behavior Laboratory (MBB), Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , F-75013 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Vinckier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motivation, Brain and Behavior Laboratory (MBB), Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , F-75013 Paris , France"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, GHU Paris Psychiatrie and Neurosciences, University of Paris , F-75014 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Daunizeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motivation, Brain and Behavior Laboratory (MBB), Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , F-75013 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Azuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University , Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F75013 Paris , France"},{"name":"FrontLab, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , F-75013 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University , Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F75013 Paris , France"},{"name":"FrontLab, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , F-75013 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Pessiglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motivation, Brain and Behavior Laboratory (MBB), Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital , F-75013 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.6.1546","article-title":"Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria","volume":"51","author":"Neary","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.11.1803","article-title":"Clinical and pathological diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia: Report of the work group on frontotemporal dementia and Pick's disease","volume":"58","author":"McKhann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","article-title":"Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"134","author":"Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858411410354","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia: What can the behavioral variant teach us about human brain organization?","volume":"18","author":"Seeley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220001118","article-title":"A systematic review of the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and apathy in frontotemporal dementia, atypical and young-onset Alzheimer's disease, and inherited dementia","author":"Collins","year":"20  2020","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000194658","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of apathy and disinhibition in frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"27","author":"Massimo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000093102","article-title":"Impact of behavioural problems on spousal caregivers: A comparison between Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"22","author":"de Vugt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.3.314","article-title":"Apathy is not depression","volume":"10","author":"Levy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/286427","article-title":"Apathy in frontotemporal dementia: Behavioral and neuroimaging correlates","volume":"25","author":"Eslinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1159\/000255652","article-title":"Rate of change of functional abilities in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"28","author":"Mioshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq348","article-title":"Predicting functional decline in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia","volume":"134","author":"Josephs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1547","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007249","article-title":"Prognostic importance of apathy in syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"92","author":"Lansdall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21316","article-title":"Characteristics of apathy in Parkinson's disease","volume":"22","author":"Dujardin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.755","article-title":"The apathy inventory: assessment of apathy and awareness in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"17","author":"Robert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.075929","article-title":"The Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS), a new instrument for detecting and quantifying apathy: Validation in Parkinson's disease. Comparative study","volume":"77","author":"Sockeel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B16","first-page":"134","article-title":"Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease","volume":"4(2)","author":"Starkstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318293e368","article-title":"Interrater reliability of the new criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia","volume":"80","author":"Lamarre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318292a342","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of FTDC criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia","volume":"80","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214002221","article-title":"A systematic review of the validity and reliability of apathy scales in neurodegenerative conditions","volume":"27","author":"Radakovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.01.012","article-title":"Are the available apathy measures reliable and valid? A review of the psychometric evidence","volume":"70","author":"Clarke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx278","article-title":"Why not try harder? Computational approach to motivation deficits in neuro-psychiatric diseases","volume":"141","author":"Pessiglione","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0029-9","article-title":"Neuroscience of apathy and anhedonia: A transdiagnostic approach","volume":"19","author":"Husain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318265","article-title":"Brain mechanisms underlying apathy","volume":"90","author":"Le Heron","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj043","article-title":"Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits","volume":"16","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.3.3.243","article-title":"Apathy: A neuropsychiatric syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Marin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.07.008","article-title":"Is it time to revise the diagnostic criteria for apathy in brain disorders? The 2018 international consensus group","volume":"54","author":"Robert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12358","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for apathy in neurocognitive disorders","volume":"17","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12122","article-title":"Dissociation of reward and effort sensitivity in methcathinone-induced parkinsonism","volume":"12","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.10.009","article-title":"Amount and delay insensitivity during intertemporal choice in three neurodegenerative diseases reflects dorsomedial prefrontal atrophy","volume":"124","author":"Beagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx140","article-title":"Music models aberrant rule decoding and reward valuation in dementia","volume":"13","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00350","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.350","article-title":"Neural basis of motivational approach and withdrawal behaviors in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"5","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12152","article-title":"Strategic value-directed learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia","volume":"13","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1066","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005175","article-title":"White matter change with apathy and impulsivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes","volume":"90","author":"Lansdall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx259","article-title":"Reward deficits in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia include insensitivity to negative stimuli","volume":"140","author":"Perry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl288","article-title":"Demographic, neurological and behavioural characteristics and brain perfusion SPECT in frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"129","author":"Ber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.3.323","article-title":"Distinct behavioural profiles in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia","volume":"70","author":"Snowden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.4478","article-title":"Assessment of eating behavior disturbance and associated neural networks in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"73","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309424","article-title":"Autonomic dysregulation in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"86","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2008.20.2.219","article-title":"\u201cDenkfaulheit\u201d in frontotemporal dementia: A preliminary analysis","volume":"20","author":"Mendez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8839","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5319-08.2009","article-title":"Congruence of BOLD response across intertemporal choice conditions: Fictive and real money gains and losses","volume":"29","author":"Bickel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610372636","article-title":"Splitting motivation: Unilateral effects of subliminal incentives","volume":"21","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6623","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3078-15.2016","article-title":"Computational dissection of dopamine motor and motivational functions in humans","volume":"36","author":"Le Bouc","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1140459","article-title":"How the brain translates money into force: A neuroimaging study of subliminal motivation","volume":"316","author":"Pessiglione","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn045","article-title":"Disconnecting force from money: Effects of basal ganglia damage on incentive motivation","volume":"131","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00445.2001","article-title":"Influence of puberty on muscle development at the forearm","volume":"283","author":"Neu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/47.6.929","article-title":"Arm muscle plus bone area: Anthropometry and CAT scan compared","volume":"47","author":"Forbes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-181121","article-title":"The Alzheimer precision medicine initiative","volume":"68","author":"Hampel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001266","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying motivation of mental versus physical effort","volume":"10","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2014.04.002","article-title":"Characterization of reward and effort mechanisms in apathy","volume":"109","author":"Bonnelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol Paris"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3662-12.2013","article-title":"Neural integration of risk and effort costs by the frontal pole: Only upon request","volume":"33","author":"Burke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6160","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4777-12.2013","article-title":"Effort and valuation in the brain: The effects of anticipation and execution","volume":"33","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11233","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0396-15.2015","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the irrelevant: Neural mechanisms of learning real and hypothetical rewards and effort","volume":"35","author":"Scholl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15621","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1350-14.2014","article-title":"Learning to minimize efforts versus maximizing rewards: Computational principles and neural correlates","volume":"34","author":"Skvortsova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003584","article-title":"How the brain decides when to work and when to rest: Dissociation of implicit-reactive from explicit-predictive computational processes","volume":"10","author":"Meyniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.04.003","article-title":"Dopamine enhances willingness to exert effort for reward in Parkinson's disease","volume":"69","author":"Chong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy110","article-title":"Distinct effects of apathy and dopamine on effort-based decision-making in Parkinson's disease","volume":"141","author":"Le Heron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww263","article-title":"Energy expenditure in frontotemporal dementia: A behavioural and imaging study","volume":"140","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx101","article-title":"Apathy and impulsivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes","volume":"140","author":"Lansdall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000197","article-title":"Discounting of future rewards in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Bertoux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001684","article-title":"A critical role for the hippocampus in the valuation of imagined outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Lebreton","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv344","article-title":"Neuroeconomic dissociation of semantic dementia and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia","volume":"139","author":"Chiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023957","article-title":"Unilateral spatial neglect in degenerative brain pathology","volume":"25","author":"Silveri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.06.001","article-title":"The root of all value: A neural common currency for choice","volume":"22","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063","article-title":"The valuation system: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value","volume":"76","author":"Bartra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0615-9","article-title":"Four core properties of the human brain valuation system demonstrated in intracranial signals","volume":"23","author":"Lopez-Persem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2066","article-title":"Choice, uncertainty and value in prefrontal and cingulate cortex","volume":"11","author":"Rushworth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.007","article-title":"The expected value of control: An integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function","volume":"79","author":"Shenhav","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6087","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2081-16.2017","article-title":"A selective role for dopamine in learning to maximize reward but not to minimize effort: Evidence from patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"37","author":"Skvortsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17282","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17282","article-title":"A specific role for serotonin in overcoming effort cost","volume":"5","author":"Meyniel","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2023021318522107200_awac427-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31823033f3","article-title":"Serotonergic function and treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"20","author":"Herrmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awac427\/48715872\/awac427.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/146\/2\/712\/49172016\/awac427.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/146\/2\/712\/49172016\/awac427.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T18:55:17Z","timestamp":1676314517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/146\/2\/712\/6833301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awac427","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]}}}