{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:18:42Z","timestamp":1791584322675,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009360","name":"King\u2019s College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"a post-doctoral clinical research training fellowship from the Medical Research Council UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MRC Clinical Academic Research Partnership"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>There is a lack of imaging markers revealing the functional characteristics of different brain regions in paediatric dystonia. In this observational study, we assessed the utility of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-PET in understanding dystonia pathophysiology by revealing specific resting awake brain glucose metabolism patterns in different childhood dystonia subgroups. PET scans from 267 children with dystonia being evaluated for possible deep brain stimulation surgery between September 2007 and February 2018 at Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital (ELCH), UK, were examined. Scans without gross anatomical abnormality (e.g. large cysts, significant ventriculomegaly; n = 240) were analysed with Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM12). Glucose metabolism patterns were examined in the 144\/240 (60%) cases with the 10 commonest childhood-onset dystonias, focusing on nine anatomical regions. A group of 39 adult controls was used for comparisons. The genetic dystonias were associated with the following genes: TOR1A, THAP1, SGCE, KMT2B, HPRT1 (Lesch Nyhan disease), PANK2 and GCDH (Glutaric Aciduria type 1). The acquired cerebral palsy (CP) cases were divided into those related to prematurity (CP-Preterm), neonatal jaundice\/kernicterus (CP-Kernicterus) and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (CP-Term). Each dystonia subgroup had distinct patterns of altered FDG-PET uptake. Focal glucose hypometabolism of the pallidi, putamina or both, was the commonest finding, except in PANK2, where basal ganglia metabolism appeared normal. HPRT1 uniquely showed glucose hypometabolism across all nine cerebral regions. Temporal lobe glucose hypometabolism was found in KMT2B, HPRT1 and CP-Kernicterus. Frontal lobe hypometabolism was found in SGCE, HPRT1 and PANK2. Thalamic and brainstem hypometabolism were seen only in HPRT1, CP-Preterm and CP-term dystonia cases. The combination of frontal and parietal lobe hypermetabolism was uniquely found in CP-term cases. PANK2 cases showed a distinct combination of parietal hypermetabolism with cerebellar hypometabolism but intact putaminal-pallidal glucose metabolism. HPRT1, PANK2, CP-kernicterus and CP-preterm cases had cerebellar and insula glucose hypometabolism as well as parietal glucose hypermetabolism. The study findings offer insights into the pathophysiology of dystonia and support the network theory for dystonia pathogenesis. \u2018Signature\u2019 patterns for each dystonia subgroup could be a useful biomarker to guide differential diagnosis and inform personalized management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T22:37:22Z","timestamp":1669415842000},"page":"2512-2523","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Metabolic patterns in brain 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET relate to aetiology in paediatric dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros","family":"Tsagkaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Neurosciences, Complex Motor Disorders Service (CMDS), Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT) , London SE1 7EH , UK"},{"name":"King\u2019s College London & Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 PET Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London SE1 7EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric K C","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital , Kowloon , Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verity","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Neurosciences, Complex Motor Disorders Service (CMDS), Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT) , London SE1 7EH , UK"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London SE5 8AF , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3537-9714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apostolos","family":"Papandreou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Neurosciences, Complex Motor Disorders Service (CMDS), Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT) , London SE1 7EH , UK"},{"name":"Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London WC1N 1DZ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ata","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT) , London SE1 7EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E","family":"Lumsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Neurosciences, Complex Motor Disorders Service (CMDS), Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT) , London SE1 7EH , UK"},{"name":"Perinatal Imaging, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London SE1 7EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Kaminska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Neurosciences, Complex Motor Disorders Service (CMDS), Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT) , London SE1 7EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Guedj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIMED, Nuclear Medicine Department, Aix Marseille Universite, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital , 13397 Marseille , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hammers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London & Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 PET Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London SE1 7EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9314-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Neurosciences, Complex Motor Disorders Service (CMDS), Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT) , London SE1 7EH , UK"},{"name":"Women and Children\u2019s Health Institute Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings Health Partners, King\u2019s College London , London SE1 7EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00226","article-title":"Recognizing the common origins of dystonia and the development of human movement: A manifesto of unmet needs in isolated childhood dystonias","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.001","article-title":"Classification of dystonia in childhood","volume":"33","author":"Lumsden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307041","article-title":"The impact and prognosis for dystonia in childhood including dystonic cerebral palsy: a clinical and demographic tertiary cohort study","volume":"85","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2016.02.006","article-title":"Progression to musculoskeletal deformity in childhood dystonia","volume":"20","author":"Lumsden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2015.01.003","article-title":"Interventional studies in childhood dystonia do not address the concerns of children and their carers","volume":"19","author":"Lumsden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00132-0","article-title":"Advances in management of movement disorders in children","volume":"15","author":"Koy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13652","article-title":"Pharmacological and neurosurgical interventions for managing dystonia in cerebral palsy: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Fehlings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00825","article-title":"Application of machine learning using decision trees for prognosis of deep brain stimulation of globus Pallidus internus for children with dystonia","volume":"11","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.01.026","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of dystonia","volume":"42","author":"Neychev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.08.025","article-title":"Neurophysiology of dystonia: The role of inhibition","volume":"42","author":"Hallett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.121632","article-title":"Abnormal plasticity of sensorimotor circuits extends beyond the affected body part in focal dystonia","volume":"79","author":"Quartarone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr."},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10398","article-title":"Role of the somatosensory system in primary dystonia","volume":"18","author":"Tinazzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.01.012","article-title":"Abnormal patterns of corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence in childhood dystonia","volume":"131","author":"McClelland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307127","article-title":"Multiple changes of functional connectivity between sensorimotor areas in focal hand dystonia","volume":"85","author":"Dresel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.015","article-title":"Dynamic causal modeling revealed dysfunctional effective connectivity in both, the cortico-basal-ganglia and the cerebello-cortical motor network in writers\u2019 cramp","volume":"18","author":"Rothkirch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz112","article-title":"Network localization of cervical dystonia based on causal brain lesions","volume":"142","author":"Corp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv109","article-title":"Cortico-pallidal oscillatory connectivity in patients with dystonia","volume":"138","author":"Neumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.11.017","article-title":"Somatosensory evoked potentials and central motor conduction times in children with dystonia and their correlation with outcomes from deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus","volume":"129","author":"McClelland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77533-w","article-title":"Abnormal microscale neuronal connectivity triggered by a proprioceptive stimulus in dystonia","volume":"10","author":"Sakellariou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102569","article-title":"EEG Measures of sensorimotor processing and their development are abnormal in children with isolated dystonia and dystonic cerebral palsy","volume":"30:","author":"McClelland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21626","article-title":"Digit-specific aberrations in the primary somatosensory cortex in writer's cramp","volume":"66","author":"Nelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530140106023","article-title":"The effect of sleep on the dyskinetic movements of Parkinson's disease, gilles de la tourette syndrome, huntington's disease, and torsion dystonia","volume":"48","author":"Fish","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.1.73","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias","volume":"35","author":"Burke","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.07.002","article-title":"Resting-state brain glucose utilization as measured by PET is directly related to regional synaptophysin levels: A study in baboons","volume":"20","author":"Rocher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.1.316","article-title":"Stoichiometric coupling of brain glucose metabolism and glutamatergic neuronal activity","volume":"95","author":"Sibson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.2.4.193","article-title":"Synapses in the central nervous system","volume":"2","author":"Palay","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Biophys Biochem Cytol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq017","article-title":"Increased sensorimotor network activity in DYT1 dystonia: A functional imaging study","volume":"133","author":"Carbon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain: J Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f0798","article-title":"Metabolic changes in DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia","volume":"80","author":"Carbon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000273","article-title":"Role of 18 F FDG PET imaging in paediatric primary dystonia and dystonia arising from neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation","volume":"36","author":"Szyszko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun."},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05603-w","article-title":"EANM Procedure guidelines for brain PET imaging using [(18)F]FDG, version 3","volume":"49","author":"Guedj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10123","article-title":"Three-dimensional maximum probability atlas of the human brain, with particular reference to the temporal lobe","volume":"19","author":"Hammers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20254","article-title":"Statistical neuroanatomy of the human inferior frontal gyrus and probabilistic atlas in a standard stereotaxic space","volume":"28","author":"Hammers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.06.004","article-title":"Volumes, spatial extents and a probabilistic atlas of the human basal ganglia and thalamus","volume":"38","author":"Ahsan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.10.010","article-title":"Hereditary dystonia as a neurodevelopmental circuit disorder: Evidence from neuroimaging","volume":"42","author":"Niethammer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000120541.97467.FE","article-title":"Regional metabolism in primary torsion dystonia: Effects of penetrance and genotype","volume":"62","author":"Carbon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa304","article-title":"KMT2B-related Disorders: expansion of the phenotypic spectrum and long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation","volume":"143","author":"Cif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2006.09.005","article-title":"Pantothenate-Kinase Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) \u201ceye of the tiger\u201d sign","volume":"36","author":"Renaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311803","article-title":"Differences in globus pallidus neuronal firing rates and patterns relate to different disease biology in children with dystonia","volume":"87","author":"McClelland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.03.005","article-title":"Disease-specific patterns of basal ganglia neuronal activity in Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation type I (NBIA-1)","volume":"130","author":"McClelland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.12.012","article-title":"Subthalamic and pallidal oscillatory activity in patients with Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation type I (NBIA-I)","volume":"130","author":"Huebl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902450410","article-title":"Stimulation-induced [14C]2-deoxyglucose labeling of synaptic activity in the central auditory system","volume":"245","author":"Nudo","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-01-00251.1984","article-title":"Increased glucose metabolism during long-duration recurrent inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal cells","volume":"4","author":"Ackermann","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0255-z","article-title":"A link between the systems: functional differentiation and integration within the human insula revealed by meta-analysis","volume":"214","author":"Kurth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13255","article-title":"Efficacy of pallidal stimulation in isolated dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Moro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.002","article-title":"Basal ganglia: From the bench to the bed","volume":"36","author":"Burbaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03321.x","article-title":"Severity of dystonia is correlated with putaminal gray matter changes in myoclonus-dystonia","volume":"18","author":"Beukers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab172","article-title":"Erratum to: Striatal and cerebellar vesicular acetylcholine transporter expression is disrupted in human DYT1 dystonia","volume":"144","author":"Mazere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.057","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype interactions in primary dystonias revealed by differential changes in brain structure","volume":"47","author":"Draganski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.001","article-title":"Developmental neurobiology of cerebellar and basal ganglia connections","volume":"36","author":"Sival","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.03.011","article-title":"Dystonia and cerebellar degeneration in the leaner mouse mutant","volume":"1611","author":"Raike","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1953","article-title":"The primate cortico-cerebellar system: anatomy and function","volume":"7","author":"Ramnani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00061","article-title":"The cortico-basal ganglia-cerebellar network: Past, present and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Milardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00040-5","article-title":"Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits","volume":"31","author":"Middleton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt147","article-title":"Defective cerebellar control of cortical plasticity in writer's cramp","volume":"136","author":"Hubsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14912","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14912","article-title":"Genetic silencing of olivocerebellar synapses causes dystonia-like behaviour in mice","volume":"8","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B58","first-page":"173","article-title":"The cerebellum as an adaptive filter: a general model?","volume":"25","author":"Dean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000244484.60489.50","article-title":"Predominant dystonia with marked cerebellar atrophy: A rare phenotype in familial dystonia","volume":"67","author":"Le Ber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40673-017-0064-8","article-title":"Cerebellum: an explanation for dystonia?","volume":"4","author":"Bologna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum Ataxias"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.013","article-title":"The role of cerebellum in patients with late onset cervical\/segmental dystonia? \u2013evidence from the clinic","volume":"21","author":"Batla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.04.005","article-title":"Pathologic changes in the brain in cervical dystonia pre- and post-mortem\u2014A commentary with a special focus on the cerebellum","volume":"247","author":"Zoons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00071","article-title":"(18)F-FDG-PET in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"6","author":"Bouter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.121509","article-title":"Mapping changes in mouse brain metabolism with PET\/CT","volume":"54","author":"Welch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165663","article-title":"A pantothenate kinase-deficient mouse model reveals a gene expression program associated with brain coenzyme a reduction","volume":"1866","author":"Subramanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04326-x","article-title":"HGprt deficiency disrupts dopaminergic circuit development in a genetic mouse model of lesch-nyhan disease","volume":"79","author":"Witteveen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000312380.01852.77","article-title":"STN-DBS activates the target area in Parkinson disease: An FDG-PET study","volume":"71","author":"Hilker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000338536.31388.f0","article-title":"Frontal FDG-PET activity correlates with cognitive outcome after STN-DBS in Parkinson disease","volume":"72","author":"Kalbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-021-00065-9","article-title":"Neuroimaging evaluation of deep brain stimulation in the treatment of representative neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-219X-3-2","article-title":"Optimizing statistical parametric mapping analysis of 18F-FDG PET in children","volume":"3","author":"Archambaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0651","article-title":"Statistical parametric mapping: Assessment of application in children","volume":"12","author":"Muzik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023060100293909900_awac439-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2016.09.001","article-title":"Impact of benzodiazepines on brain FDG-PET quantification after single-dose and chronic administration in rats","volume":"43","author":"Silva-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awac439\/49113745\/awac439.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/146\/6\/2512\/50460312\/awac439.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/146\/6\/2512\/50460312\/awac439.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:31:51Z","timestamp":1685579511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/146\/6\/2512\/6852748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awac439","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]}}}