{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:15:33Z","timestamp":1791497733129,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008018","name":"Mutuelle G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Education Nationale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008018","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Agency"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011045","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Despite experimental studies suggesting a disease-modifying role of oestrogens, results from epidemiological studies on the relation of reproductive characteristics and hormonal exposures with Parkinson disease in women are conflicting.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We used the data from the E3N cohort study including 98 068 women aged 40\u201365 years in 1990 followed until 2018. Parkinson disease was ascertained using a validation process based on drug claim databases and medical records. Reproductive characteristics and hormonal exposures were self-reported (11 questionnaires). Associations of exposures with Parkinson disease incidence were investigated using time-varying Cox proportional hazards regression with a 5-year exposure lag and age as the timescale adjusted for confounders. We identified 1165 incident Parkinson disease cases during a mean follow-up of 22.0 years (incidence rate = 54.7 per 100 000 person-years). Parkinson disease incidence was higher in women with early (&amp;lt;12 years, HR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.04\u20131.40) or late age at menarche (\u226514 years, HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.03\u20131.35) than in women with menarche at 12\u201313 years. Nulliparity was not associated with Parkinson disease, but Parkinson disease incidence increased with the number of children in parous women (P-trend = 0.009). Women with artificial (surgical, iatrogenic) menopause were at greater risk than women with natural menopause (HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.09\u20131.47), especially when artificial menopause occurred at an early age (\u226445.0 years). Postmenopausal hormone therapy tended to mitigate greater risk associated with artificial or early menopause (\u226445.0 years). While fertility treatments were not associated with Parkinson disease overall, ever users of clomiphene were at greater Parkinson disease risk than never users (HR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.14\u20132.88). Other exposures (breastfeeding, oral contraceptives) were not associated with Parkinson disease. Our findings suggest that early and late age at menarche, higher parity, and artificial menopause, in particular at an early age, are associated with increased Parkinson disease incidence in women. In addition, there was some evidence that use of exogenous hormones may increase (fertility treatments) or decrease (postmenopausal hormone therapy) Parkinson disease incidence. These findings support the hypothesis that hormonal exposures play a role in the susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. If confirmed, they could help to identify subgroups at high risk for Parkinson disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T07:49:32Z","timestamp":1669189772000},"page":"2535-2546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Reproductive characteristics, use of exogenous hormones and Parkinson disease in women from the E3N study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Pesce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe \u00ab Exposome, h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9, cancer et sant\u00e9 \u00bb, CESP UMR 1018 , Villejuif, F-94807 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Artaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe \u00ab Exposome, h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9, cancer et sant\u00e9 \u00bb, CESP UMR 1018 , Villejuif, F-94807 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Roze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, D\u00e9partement de Neurologie , Paris, F-75013 , France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, France; INSERM U1127, CNRS 7225, Institut du Cerveau , Paris, F-75013 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Degaey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe \u00ab Exposome, h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9, cancer et sant\u00e9 \u00bb, CESP UMR 1018 , Villejuif, F-94807 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7603-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berta","family":"Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe \u00ab Exposome, h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9, cancer et sant\u00e9 \u00bb, CESP UMR 1018 , Villejuif, F-94807 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4627-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Thu Ha","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe \u00ab Exposome, h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9, cancer et sant\u00e9 \u00bb, CESP UMR 1018 , Villejuif, F-94807 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe \u00ab Exposome, h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9, cancer et sant\u00e9 \u00bb, CESP UMR 1018 , Villejuif, F-94807 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Christine","family":"Boutron-Ruault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe \u00ab Exposome, h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9, cancer et sant\u00e9 \u00bb, CESP UMR 1018 , Villejuif, F-94807 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Severi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe \u00ab Exposome, h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9, cancer et sant\u00e9 \u00bb, CESP UMR 1018 , Villejuif, F-94807 , France"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications \"G.Parenti\" (DISIA), University of Florence , 50134 , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Elbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe \u00ab Exposome, h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9, cancer et sant\u00e9 \u00bb, CESP UMR 1018 , Villejuif, F-94807 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Canonico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, \u00c9quipe 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