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Modern evidence has challenged both the idea that Broca\u2019s area is involved in motor speech coordination and that there is only one coordination network. Drawing on a wide range of evidence, here we propose a dual speech coordination model in which laryngeal control of pitch-related aspects of prosody and song are coordinated by a hierarchically organized dorsolateral system while supralaryngeal articulation at the phonetic\/syllabic level is coordinated by a more ventral system posterior to Broca\u2019s area. We argue further that these two speech production subsystems have distinguishable evolutionary histories and discuss the implications for models of language evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T01:31:40Z","timestamp":1675733500000},"page":"1775-1790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Beyond Broca: neural architecture and evolution of a dual motor speech coordination system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0901-5527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Hickok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Language Science, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Venezia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auditory Research Laboratory, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System , Loma Linda, CA 92357 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda, CA 92350 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Teghipco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023113004503515900_awac454-B1","first-page":"330","article-title":"Remarques sur le si\u00e8ge de la facult\u00e9 du langage articul\u00e9","volume":"6","author":"Broca","year":"1861","journal-title":"Bull Soc Anat (Paris)"},{"key":"2023113004503515900_awac454-B2","first-page":"337","article-title":"Sur le si\u00e8ge de la facult\u00e9 du langage articul\u00e9","volume":"6","author":"Broca","year":"1865","journal-title":"Bull Soc Anthropol"},{"key":"2023113004503515900_awac454-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520100069017","article-title":"Translation of Broca's 1865 report. 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