{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:57:49Z","timestamp":1791665869669,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Although rigidity is a cardinal motor sign in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), the instrumental measurement of this clinical phenomenon is largely lacking, and its pathophysiological underpinning remains still unclear. Further advances in the field would require innovative methodological approaches able to measure parkinsonian rigidity objectively, discriminate the different biomechanical sources of muscle tone (neural or visco-elastic components), and finally clarify the contribution to \u2018objective rigidity\u2019 exerted by neurophysiological responses, which have previously been associated with this clinical sign (i.e. the long-latency stretch-induced reflex).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Twenty patients with PD (67.3 \u00b1 6.9 years) and 25 age- and sex-matched controls (66.9 \u00b1 7.4 years) were recruited. Rigidity was measured clinically and through a robotic device. Participants underwent robot-assisted wrist extensions at seven different angular velocities randomly applied, when ON therapy. For each value of angular velocity, several biomechanical (i.e. elastic, viscous and neural components) and neurophysiological measures (i.e. short and long-latency reflex and shortening reaction) were synchronously assessed and correlated with the clinical score of rigidity (i.e. Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale\u2014part III, subitems for the upper limb).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The biomechanical investigation allowed us to measure \u2018objective rigidity\u2019 in PD and estimate the neuronal source of this phenomenon. In patients, \u2018objective rigidity\u2019 progressively increased along with the rise of angular velocities during robot-assisted wrist extensions. The neurophysiological examination disclosed increased long-latency reflexes, but not short-latency reflexes nor shortening reaction, in PD compared with control subjects. Long-latency reflexes progressively increased according to angular velocities only in patients with PD. Lastly, specific biomechanical and neurophysiological abnormalities correlated with the clinical score of rigidity.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\u2018Objective rigidity\u2019 in PD correlates with velocity-dependent abnormal neuronal activity. The observations overall (i.e. the velocity-dependent feature of biomechanical and neurophysiological measures of objective rigidity) would point to a putative subcortical network responsible for \u2018objective rigidity\u2019 in PD, which requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T16:21:51Z","timestamp":1680711711000},"page":"3705-3718","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Rigidity in Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence from biomechanical and neurophysiological measures"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Asci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome , Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed Institute , 86077 Pozzilli (IS) , 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