{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:11:49Z","timestamp":1792512709124,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"ERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004807","name":"DFG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging"},{"name":"Canada-UK Artificial Intelligence Initiative"},{"name":"Emerging Talents Initiative"},{"name":"University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mechanistic insight is achieved only when experiments are employed to test formal or computational models. Furthermore, in analogy to lesion studies, phantom perception may serve as a vehicle to understand the fundamental processing principles underlying healthy auditory perception. With a special focus on tinnitus\u2014as the prime example of auditory phantom perception\u2014we review recent work at the intersection of artificial intelligence, psychology and neuroscience. In particular, we discuss why everyone with tinnitus suffers from (at least hidden) hearing loss, but not everyone with hearing loss suffers from tinnitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We argue that intrinsic neural noise is generated and amplified along the auditory pathway as a compensatory mechanism to restore normal hearing based on adaptive stochastic resonance. The neural noise increase can then be misinterpreted as auditory input and perceived as tinnitus. This mechanism can be formalized in the Bayesian brain framework, where the percept (posterior) assimilates a prior prediction (brain\u2019s expectations) and likelihood (bottom-up neural signal). A higher mean and lower variance (i.e. enhanced precision) of the likelihood shifts the posterior, evincing a misinterpretation of sensory evidence, which may be further confounded by plastic changes in the brain that underwrite prior predictions. Hence, two fundamental processing principles provide the most explanatory power for the emergence of auditory phantom perceptions: predictive coding as a top-down and adaptive stochastic resonance as a complementary bottom-up mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We conclude that both principles also play a crucial role in healthy auditory perception. Finally, in the context of neuroscience-inspired artificial intelligence, both processing principles may serve to improve contemporary machine learning techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T06:28:01Z","timestamp":1690525681000},"page":"4809-4825","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Predictive coding and stochastic resonance as fundamental principles of auditory phantom perception"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9543-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Schilling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen , 91054 Erlangen , Germany"},{"name":"Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Sedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Medical School , Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Gerum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Vision Research, York University , Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Metzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen , 91054 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Tziridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen , 91054 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattern Recognition Lab, University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen , 91054 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan-Gang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Hearing Research, Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, Cognitive Sciences, Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl J","family":"Friston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London , London WC1N 3AR , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Krauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen , 91054 Erlangen , Germany"},{"name":"Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany"},{"name":"Pattern Recognition Lab, University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg , 91058 Erlangen , 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