{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:43:51Z","timestamp":1790052231172,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013278","name":"EU Joint Programme on Neurodegenerative Disease Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is clinically known for the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and accumulation of intraneuronal cytoplasmic inclusions rich in alpha-synuclein called \u2018Lewy bodies\u2019 and \u2018Lewy neurites\u2019. Together with dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, Parkinson\u2019s disease is part of a group of disorders called synucleinopathies. Currently, diagnosis of synucleinopathies is based on the clinical assessment which often takes place in advanced disease stages. While the causal role of alpha-synuclein aggregates in these disorders is still debatable, measuring the levels, types or seeding properties of different alpha-synuclein species hold great promise as biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Recent studies indicate significant differences in peptide, protein and RNA levels in blood samples from patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Seed amplification assays using CSF, blood, skin biopsy, olfactory swab samples show great promise for detecting synucleinopathies and even for discriminating between different synucleinopathies. Interestingly, small extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, display differences in their cargoes in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients versus controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In this update, we focus on alpha-synuclein aggregation and possible sources of disease-related species released in extracellular vesicles, which promise to revolutionize the diagnosis and the monitoring of disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T11:50:35Z","timestamp":1690890635000},"page":"81-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Aggregation and beyond: alpha-synuclein-based biomarkers in synucleinopathies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2250-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avika","family":"Chopra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen , 37073 G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1679-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Fleming","family":"Outeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen , 37073 G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences , 37075 G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH , UK"},{"name":"Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) , 37075 G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024010419114070000_awad260-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70471-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease","volume":"5","author":"de Lau Lonneke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2024010419114070000_awad260-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.1.33","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease","volume":"56","author":"Gelb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2024010419114070000_awad260-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS Clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov 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