{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:16:04Z","timestamp":1792080964124,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1195830; 1193857; 2016866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1195830; 1193857; 2016866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease can be viewed from a systems-level perspective, whereby dysfunctional communication between brain networks responsible for perception predisposes a person to hallucinate. To this end, abnormal functional interactions between higher-order and primary sensory networks have been implicated in the pathophysiology of visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease, however the precise signatures remain to be determined. Dimensionality reduction techniques offer a novel means for simplifying the interpretation of multidimensional brain imaging data, identifying hierarchical patterns in the data that are driven by both within- and between-functional network changes. Here, we applied two complementary non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques\u2014diffusion-map embedding and t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE)\u2014to resting state functional MRI data, in order to characterize the altered functional hierarchy associated with susceptibility to visual hallucinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our study involved 77 people with Parkinson\u2019s disease (31 with hallucinations; 46 without hallucinations) and 19 age-matched healthy control subjects. In patients with visual hallucinations, we found compression of the unimodal-heteromodal gradient consistent with increased functional integration between sensory and higher order networks. This was mirrored in a traditional functional connectivity analysis, which showed increased connectivity between the visual and default mode networks in the hallucinating group. Together, these results suggest a route by which higher-order regions may have excessive influence over earlier sensory processes, as proposed by theoretical models of hallucinations across disorders. By contrast, the t-SNE analysis identified distinct alterations in prefrontal regions, suggesting an additional layer of complexity in the functional brain network abnormalities implicated in hallucinations, which was not apparent in traditional functional connectivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Together, the results confirm abnormal brain organization associated with the hallucinating phenotype in Parkinson\u2019s disease and highlight the utility of applying convergent dimensionality reduction techniques to investigate complex clinical symptoms. In addition, the patterns we describe in Parkinson\u2019s disease converge with those seen in other conditions, suggesting that reduced hierarchical differentiation across sensory-perceptual systems may be a common transdiagnostic vulnerability in neuropsychiatric disorders with perceptual disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T14:34:43Z","timestamp":1694097283000},"page":"458-471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Abnormal higher-order network interactions in Parkinson\u2019s disease visual hallucinations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6013-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua B","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli J","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Complex Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella F","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3714-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha L","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S","family":"Margulies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Universit\u00e9 de Paris , 75006 Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Szeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4093-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon J G","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M","family":"Shine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Complex Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5698-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"O\u2019Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 , 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