{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:15:56Z","timestamp":1791065756754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French National Agency of Research","award":["ANR-16-CE37-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-16-CE37-0014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008211","name":"France Parkinson","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LSP 182437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSP 182437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Degeneration of the noradrenergic system is now considered a pathological hallmark of Parkinson\u2019s disease, but little is known about its consequences in terms of parkinsonian manifestations. Here, we evaluated two aspects of the noradrenergic system using multimodal in vivo imaging in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and healthy controls: the pigmented cell bodies of the locus coeruleus with neuromelanin sensitive MRI; and the density of \u03b12-adrenergic receptors (ARs) with PET using 11C-yohimbine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were included. The characteristics of the patients\u2019 symptoms were assessed using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). Patients showed reduced neuromelanin signal intensity in the locus coeruleus compared with controls and diminished 11C-yohimbine binding in widespread cortical regions, including the motor cortex, as well as in the insula, thalamus and putamen. Clinically, locus coeruleus neuronal loss was correlated with motor (bradykinesia, motor fluctuations, tremor) and non-motor (fatigue, apathy, constipation) symptoms. A reduction of \u03b12-AR availability in the thalamus was associated with tremor, while a reduction in the putamen, the insula and the superior temporal gyrus was associated with anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>These results highlight a multifaceted alteration of the noradrenergic system in Parkinson\u2019s disease since locus coeruleus and \u03b12-AR degeneration were found to be partly uncoupled. These findings raise important issues about noradrenergic dysfunction that may encourage the search for new drugs targeting this system, including \u03b12-ARs, for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T16:33:54Z","timestamp":1696005234000},"page":"1377-1388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Noradrenergic alterations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a combined 11C-yohimbine PET\/neuromelanin MRI study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Laurencin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1 , F-69000 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, NS-Park\/F-CRIN , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Lancelot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1 , F-69000 Lyon , France"},{"name":"CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Brosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1 , F-69000 Lyon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"M\u00e9rida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Redout\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Greusard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovic","family":"Lamberet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Liotier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Le Bars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Costes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Thobois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, NS-Park\/F-CRIN , 69500 Bron , France"},{"name":"Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, CNRS , 69500 Bron , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Boulinguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1 , F-69000 Lyon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1901-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte","family":"Ballanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1 , F-69000 Lyon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181feb2ab","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in PD correlate with higher 5-HTT binding in raphe and limbic structures","volume":"75","author":"Politis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx348","article-title":"Evaluation of the noradrenergic system in Parkinson\u2019s disease: An 11C-MeNER PET and neuromelanin MRI study","volume":"141","author":"Sommerauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww162","article-title":"The prominent role of serotonergic degeneration in apathy, anxiety and depression in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"139","author":"Maillet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.100073","article-title":"Cortical cholinergic denervation is associated with depressive symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonian dementia","volume":"78","author":"Bohnen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001042","article-title":"The role of the locus coeruleus\/norepinephrine system in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders: An update","volume":"35","author":"Malatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt152","article-title":"The coeruleus\/subcoeruleus complex in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"136","author":"Garc\u00eda-Lorenzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00802-5","article-title":"The noradrenergic subtype of Parkinson disease: From animal models to clinical practice","volume":"19","author":"Ray Chaudhuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab111","article-title":"The role of noradrenaline in cognition and cognitive disorders","volume":"144","author":"Holland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2573","article-title":"The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition","volume":"10","author":"Sara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20723","article-title":"Adaptive gain and the role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in optimal performance","volume":"493","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895481","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2022.895481","article-title":"Probing the structure and function of locus coeruleus projections to CNS motor centers","volume":"16","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.235219","article-title":"Targeting the noradrenergic system for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c2937c","article-title":"The locus ceruleus norepinephrine system: Functional organization and potential clinical significance","volume":"73","author":"Benarroch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"s1","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-179001","article-title":"Neuropathological staging of brain pathology in sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease: Separating the wheat from the chaff","volume":"7","author":"Braak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00891-8","article-title":"Norepinephrine loss selectively enhances chronic nigrostriatal dopamine depletion in mice and rats","volume":"735","author":"Fornai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90345-O","article-title":"Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on parkinsonian signs, striatal dopamine and substantia nigra cell loss after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in monkeys: A possible role for the locus coeruleus in the progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Mavridis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00435","article-title":"The noradrenergic system in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Paredes-Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914211009730","article-title":"Restoration of noradrenergic function in Parkinson\u2019s disease model mice","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2011.00031","article-title":"Noradrenaline and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Delaville","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11814-y","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of clonidine for the treatment of impulse control disorder in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A multicenter, parallel, randomised, double-blind, phase 2b clinical trial","volume":"270","author":"Laurencin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26048","article-title":"Norepinephrine deficiency in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The case for noradrenergic enhancement","volume":"29","author":"Espay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.01.004","article-title":"Treatment with the noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor atomoxetine alone and in combination with the \u03b12-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan attenuates loss of dopamine and associated motor deficits in the LPS inflammatory rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"69","author":"Yssel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13623.x","article-title":"In vivo microdialysis of noradrenaline overflow: Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists measured by cumulative concentration-response curves","volume":"109","author":"van Veldhuizen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.03.002","article-title":"Treatment with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, 2-methoxy idazoxan, protects 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonian symptoms in rats: Neurochemical and behavioral evidence","volume":"154","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02633-6","article-title":"The brain-first vs. body-first model of Parkinson\u2019s disease with comparison to alternative models","volume":"130","author":"Borghammer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00037","article-title":"Exploring Braak\u2019s hypothesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Rietdijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.190975","article-title":"Noradrenergic deficits in Parkinson disease imaged with 11C-MeNER","volume":"59","author":"Nahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(84)90051-7","article-title":"Distribution of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the human brainstem: An autoradiographic study using [3H]p-aminoclonidine","volume":"106","author":"Probst","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90626-9","article-title":"Alpha 2-adrenoceptors in human forebrain: Autoradiographic visualization and biochemical parameters using the agonist [3H]UK-14304","volume":"475","author":"Pazos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25109","article-title":"Thalamic noradrenaline in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Deficits suggest role in motor and non-motor symptoms","volume":"27","author":"Pifl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04210080020007","article-title":"Cerebellar norepinephrine in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and control subjects","volume":"41","author":"Kish","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91761-2","article-title":"Noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin levels and metabolism in the human hypothalamus: Observations in Parkinson\u2019s disease and normal subjects","volume":"639","author":"Shannak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90117-3","article-title":"Adrenergic receptors in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"322","author":"Cash","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118328","article-title":"Modeling [11C]yohimbine PET human brain kinetics with test-retest reliability, competition sensitivity studies and search for a suitable reference region","volume":"240","author":"Laurencin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.145565","article-title":"Mapping \u03b12 adrenoceptors of the human brain with 11C-yohimbine","volume":"56","author":"Nahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050843","article-title":"Distribution of \u03b12-adrenergic receptors in the living human brain using [11C]yohimbine PET","volume":"13","author":"Laurencin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B37","first-page":"2008","article-title":"Detection of alpha2-adrenergic receptors in brain of living pig with 11C-yohimbine","volume":"47","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.02.003","article-title":"Acute vagal nerve stimulation lowers \u03b12 adrenoceptor availability: Possible mechanism of therapeutic action","volume":"8","author":"Landau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2632-6","article-title":"Amphetamine challenge decreases yohimbine binding to \u03b12 adrenoceptors in landrace pig brain","volume":"222","author":"Landau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab236","article-title":"Regional locus coeruleus degeneration is uncoupled from noradrenergic terminal loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Doppler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS Clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008979705027","article-title":"Quality of life and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Translation and validation of the US Parkinson\u2019s disease questionnaire (PDQ-39)","volume":"8","author":"Bushnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","article-title":"Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-006-0453-2","article-title":"Neuromelanin and iron in human locus coeruleus and substantia nigra during aging: Consequences for neuronal vulnerability","volume":"113","author":"Zucca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.006","article-title":"Locus coeruleus integrity is related to tau burden and memory loss in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"Dahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.10.023","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the human locus coeruleus: A systematic review","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.206375","article-title":"Development of a dedicated rebinner with rigid motion correction for the mMR PET\/MR scanner, and validation in a large cohort of 11C-PIB scans","volume":"59","author":"Reilhac","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa5f6c","article-title":"Multi-atlas attenuation correction supports full quantification of static and dynamic brain PET data in PET-MR","volume":"62","author":"M\u00e9rida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.072","article-title":"Improving intersubject image registration using tissue-class information benefits robustness and accuracy of multi-atlas based anatomical segmentation","volume":"51","author":"Heckemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10123","article-title":"Three-dimensional maximum probability atlas of the human brain, with particular reference to the temporal lobe","volume":"19","author":"Hammers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006737","article-title":"Age and time course of long-term motor and nonmotor complications in Parkinson disease","volume":"92","author":"Prange","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.5.197","article-title":"Age-related changes in locus ceruleus on neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging at 3 tesla","volume":"5","author":"Shibata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27682","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease: A neuromelanin MRI study in locus coeruleus","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012444","article-title":"Association of locus coeruleus and substantia nigra pathology with cognitive and motor functions in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"97","author":"Prasuhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000227984.84927.a7","article-title":"Neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging of locus ceruleus and substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Sasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.04.005","article-title":"Differentiation of early-stage parkinsonisms using neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"20","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902870308","article-title":"Alterations in catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without dementia and depression","volume":"287","author":"Chan-Palay","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320510","article-title":"Disease-specific patterns of locus coeruleus cell loss","volume":"32","author":"German","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.3.337","article-title":"Neuronal loss is greater in the locus coeruleus than nucleus basalis and substantia nigra in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases","volume":"60","author":"Zarow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B61","first-page":"594","article-title":"In-vivo imaging of a2 adrenoceptors in Parkinson\u2019s disease with 11C-yohimbine","volume":"24","author":"Nahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12162","article-title":"Reduced noradrenaline, but not dopamine and serotonin in motor thalamus of the MPTP primate: Relation to severity of parkinsonism","volume":"125","author":"Pifl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2001.0857","article-title":"Alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes","volume":"44","author":"Civantos Calzada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-8673.1981.tb00509.x","article-title":"Mini-review. The postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptor","volume":"1","author":"Timmermans","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Auton Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28632","article-title":"Dopamine receptors in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis of imaging studies","volume":"36","author":"Kaasinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)00937-7","article-title":"Distribution of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the human locus coeruleus","volume":"741","author":"Klimek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00982","article-title":"Somato-dendritic regulation of raphe serotonin neurons; a key to antidepressant action","volume":"12","author":"Quentin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.12.061","article-title":"Fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"374","author":"Herlofson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27461","article-title":"Fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Siciliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.62","article-title":"Non-motor features of Parkinson disease","volume":"18","author":"Schapira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq268","article-title":"Fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s disease is linked to striatal and limbic serotonergic dysfunction","volume":"133","author":"Pavese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00167444","article-title":"In vivo electrophysiological evidence for tonic activation by endogenous noradrenaline of alpha 2-adrenoceptors on 5-hydroxytryptamine terminals in the rat hippocampus","volume":"347","author":"Mongeau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-03-00760.1991","article-title":"Serotonin selectively attenuates glutamate-evoked activation of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons","volume":"11","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(80)90187-2","article-title":"Suppression of firing activity of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists","volume":"19","author":"Baraban","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"S 1\u20132","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00411-1","article-title":"Fatigue and basal ganglia","volume":"179","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636100-00006","article-title":"Central fatigue: The serotonin hypothesis and beyond","volume":"36","author":"Meeusen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318265f356","article-title":"Effects of noradrenaline and dopamine on supraspinal fatigue in well-trained men","volume":"44","author":"Klass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21656","article-title":"Methylphenidate improves fatigue scores in Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B79","first-page":"25","article-title":"Fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s disease and potential interventions","volume":"37","author":"Lou","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00019-8","article-title":"Apathy in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Clinical features, neural substrates, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Pagonabarraga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.004","article-title":"\u201cPure apathy\u201d and cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analytic study","volume":"94","author":"D\u2019Iorio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070923","article-title":"Apathy in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Defining the park apathy subtype","volume":"12","author":"De Waele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010079","article-title":"Noradrenergic deficits contribute to apathy in Parkinson\u2019s disease through the precision of expected outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Hezemans","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121599","article-title":"Apathy in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Clinical patterns and neurobiological basis","volume":"12","author":"B\u00e9reau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-213116","article-title":"Fatigue in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease: Expanding the neuropsychiatric triad?","volume":"12","author":"B\u00e9reau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq032","article-title":"Non-motor dopamine withdrawal syndrome after surgery for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Predictors and underlying mesolimbic denervation","volume":"133","author":"Thobois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0788-0","article-title":"Imaging the etiology of apathy, anxiety, and depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Implication for treatment","volume":"17","author":"Thobois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28404","article-title":"Neuroimaging of anxiety in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Carey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh445","article-title":"Depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system","volume":"128","author":"Remy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.152","article-title":"Advances in markers of prodromal Parkinson disease","volume":"12","author":"Postuma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70373-8","article-title":"National institute for clinical excellence. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Diagnosis and management","volume":"5","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22051","article-title":"Neural control of the gastrointestinal tract: Implications for Parkinson disease","volume":"23","author":"Cersosimo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8103","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1495-09.2009","article-title":"Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease revealed in an animal model with reduced monoamine storage capacity","volume":"29","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7559","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1468-19.2020","article-title":"Transgenic mice expressing human \u03b1-synuclein in noradrenergic neurons develop locus ceruleus pathology and nonmotor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Butkovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0956-9","article-title":"Stages in the development of Parkinson\u2019s disease-related pathology","volume":"318","author":"Braak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G545","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00062.2019","article-title":"Roles of the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus and dopaminergic nucleus A11 region as supraspinal defecation centers in rats","volume":"317","author":"Nakamori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083513","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1083513","article-title":"Dysfunction of the noradrenergic system drives inflammation, \u03b1-synucleinopathy, and neuronal loss in mouse colon","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1235-1","article-title":"Loss of brain norepinephrine elicits neuroinflammation-mediated oxidative injury and selective caudo-rostral neurodegeneration","volume":"56","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29072","article-title":"Locus coeruleus integrity from 7T MRI relates to apathy and cognition in parkinsonian disorders","volume":"37","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300308","article-title":"Alterations of dopaminergic and noradrenergic innervations in motor cortex in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Gaspar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27411","article-title":"Decreased noradrenaline transporter density in the motor cortex of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"33","author":"Sommerauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv312","article-title":"Primary motor cortex of the parkinsonian monkey: Altered encoding of active movement","volume":"139","author":"Pasquereau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"10 Pt 2","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.09.008","article-title":"Critical involvement of the motor cortex in the pathophysiology and treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Lindenbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300818","article-title":"Methylphenidate increases cortical excitability via activation of alpha-2 noradrenergic receptors","volume":"31","author":"Andrews","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00316-3","article-title":"Effects of chronic levodopa and pergolide treatment on cortical excitability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"111","author":"Strafella","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370208","article-title":"Changes in excitability of motor cortical circuitry in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Ridding","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29362","article-title":"Redefining bradykinesia","volume":"38","author":"Bologna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz344","article-title":"Evolving concepts on bradykinesia","volume":"143","author":"Bologna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90093-5","article-title":"Suppression of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine release in vivo following noradrenaline depletion by DSP-4: A microdialysis study","volume":"50","author":"Lategan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172640","article-title":"Noradrenaline and movement initiation disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A pharmacological functional MRI study with clonidine","volume":"11","author":"Criaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14447","article-title":"Clonidine modulates the activity of the subthalamic-supplementary motor loop: Evidence from a pharmacological study combining deep brain stimulation and electroencephalography recordings in parkinsonian patients","volume":"146","author":"Spay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.01.024","article-title":"Improving response inhibition in Parkinson\u2019s disease with atomoxetine","volume":"77","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103276","article-title":"Locus coeruleus integrity correlates with inhibitory functions of the fronto-subthalamic \u201chyperdirect\u201d pathway in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199909)14:5<744::AID-MDS1006>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"The alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist idazoxan reduces dyskinesia and enhances anti-parkinsonian actions of L-dopa in the MPTP-lesioned primate model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Henry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s002109900167","article-title":"Noradrenoceptor antagonism with idazoxan improves L-dopa-induced dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys","volume":"361","author":"Grondin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1148","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying peak-dose dyskinesia induced by levodopa and apomorphine are distinct: Evidence from the effects of the alpha(2) adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan","volume":"16","author":"Fox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10464","article-title":"Fipamezole (JP-1730) is a potent alpha2 adrenergic receptor antagonist that reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned primate model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Savola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1143","article-title":"Idazoxan, an alpha-2 antagonist, and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Rascol","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0060-5","article-title":"Effect of locus coeruleus denervation on levodopa-induced motor fluctuations in hemiparkinsonian rats","volume":"115","author":"Marin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26731","article-title":"The hidden sister of motor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review on nonmotor fluctuations","volume":"31","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282ef69f9","article-title":"[123i]FP-CIT striatal binding in early Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with tremor vs. akinetic-rigid onset","volume":"18","author":"Isaias","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23468","article-title":"Akinetic-rigid and tremor-dominant Parkinson\u2019s disease patients show different patterns of FP-CIT single photon emission computed tomography","volume":"26","author":"Eggers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105295","article-title":"Preserved noradrenergic function in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with rest tremor","volume":"152","author":"Kinnerup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199111000-00006","article-title":"The neuropathologic basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"50","author":"Paulus","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6360-3_1","article-title":"Post mortem studies in Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2013is it possible to detect brain areas for specific symptoms?","volume":"56","author":"Jellinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.6233","article-title":"Parkinson Disease subtypes","volume":"71","author":"Thenganatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.3.803","article-title":"The metabolic anatomy of tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"51","author":"Antonini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.1.267","article-title":"Thalamic stimulation and suppression of parkinsonian tremor. Evidence of a cerebellar deactivation using positron emission tomography","volume":"116","author":"Deiber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.028","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease tremor-related metabolic network: Characterization, progression, and treatment effects","volume":"54","author":"Mure","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws023","article-title":"Cerebral causes and consequences of parkinsonian resting tremor: A tale of two circuits?","volume":"135","author":"Helmich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22221","article-title":"Involvement of the cerebellothalamocortical pathway in Parkinson disease","volume":"68","author":"Ni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11869","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.22.11869","article-title":"Neuromelanin biosynthesis is driven by excess cytosolic catecholamines not accumulated by synaptic vesicles","volume":"97","author":"Sulzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029084","article-title":"Clonidine improved laboratory-measured decision-making performance in abstinent heroin addicts","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23439","article-title":"L-DOPA- induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with the fluctuational release of norepinephrine in the sensorimotor striatum","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2024040418393197800_awad338-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32386.x","article-title":"Pharmacological characteristics of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes","volume":"763","author":"Bylund","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awad338\/56817211\/awad338.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/147\/4\/1377\/57162875\/awad338.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/147\/4\/1377\/57162875\/awad338.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T14:40:41Z","timestamp":1712241641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/147\/4\/1377\/7287980"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awad338","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]}}}