{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:41:57Z","timestamp":1790908917450,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMW","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["636310010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["636310010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Visual hallucinations can increase the burden of disease for both patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and their caregivers. Multiple neurotransmitters have been implicated in the neuropathology of visual hallucinations, which provide targets for treatment and prevention. In this study, we assessed the association between cholinergic denervation and visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease in vivo, using PET imaging of the cholinergic system.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>A total of 38 patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease participated in this study. A group of 10 healthy subjects, matched for age, sex and education, was included for comparison. None of the participants used cholinergic drugs. Thirteen patients who had experienced visual hallucinations in the past month (VH+) were compared with 20 patients who had never experienced visual hallucinations in their lives (VH\u2212). Cholinergic system integrity was assessed with PET imaging using 18F-fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol as the tracer. We assessed the differences in tracer uptake between groups by cluster-based analysis and by analysis of predefined regions of interest consisting of the ventral visual stream, the dorsal attentional network, the ventral attentional network and the lateral geniculate nucleus and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The Parkinson\u2019s disease group (n = 38) showed an extensive pattern of decreased tracer uptake throughout the brain compared with the controls (n = 10). Within the Parkinson\u2019s disease group, the VH+ group (n = 13) showed a cluster of decreased tracer uptake compared with the VH\u2212 group (n = 20), which covered most of the left ventral visual stream and extended towards superior temporal areas. These results were mirrored in the regions of interest-based analysis, in which the VH+ group showed the strongest deficits in the left inferior temporal gyrus and the left superior temporal gyrus compared with the VH\u2212 group.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease are associated with a marked cholinergic deficiency in the left ventral visual stream and the left superior temporal lobe, in addition to an extensive global cholinergic denervation in the general Parkinson\u2019s disease population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T22:00:57Z","timestamp":1718056857000},"page":"3370-3378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cholinergic deficiency in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with visual hallucinations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-8811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emile","family":"d\u2019Angremont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , 9713 GZ Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-369X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sygrid","family":"van der Zee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , 9713 GZ Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7443-4918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie","family":"Slingerland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , 9713 GZ Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne C","family":"Slomp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , 9713 GZ Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik F J","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , 9713 GZ Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teus","family":"van Laar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , 9713 GZ Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris E","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , 9713 GZ Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1-2","key":"2024100318020725800_awae186-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.08.014","article-title":"Epidemiology of psychosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"289","author":"F\u00e9nelon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2024100318020725800_awae186-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.733","article-title":"Hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. 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