{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:15:56Z","timestamp":1791065756647,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007037","name":"Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRC 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRC 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compensatory mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease are defined as the changes that the brain uses to adapt to neurodegeneration and progressive dopamine reduction. Motor compensation in early Parkinson\u2019s disease could, in part, be responsible for a unilateral onset of clinical motor signs despite the presence of bilateral nigrostriatal degeneration. Although several mechanisms have been proposed for compensatory adaptations in Parkinson\u2019s disease, the underlying pathophysiology is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Here, we investigate motor compensation in Parkinson\u2019s disease by investigating the relationship between clinical signs, dopamine transporter imaging data and neurophysiological measures of the primary motor cortex (M1), using transcranial magnetic stimulation in presymptomatic and symptomatic hemispheres of patients. In this cross-sectional, multicentre study, we screened 82 individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Patients were evaluated clinically in their medication OFF state using standardized scales. Sixteen Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with bilateral dopamine transporter deficit in the putamina but unilateral symptoms were included. Twenty-eight sex- and age-matched healthy controls were also investigated. In all participants, we tested cortical excitability using single- and paired-pulse techniques, interhemispheric inhibition and cortical plasticity with paired associative stimulation. Data were analysed with ANOVAs, multiple linear regression and logistic regression models. Individual coefficients of motor compensation were defined in patients based on clinical and imaging data, i.e. the motor compensation coefficient. The motor compensation coefficient includes an asymmetry score to balance motor and dopamine transporter data between the two hemispheres, in addition to a hemispheric ratio accounting for the relative mismatch between the magnitude of motor signs and dopaminergic deficit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In patients, corticospinal excitability and plasticity were higher in the presymptomatic compared with the symptomatic M1. Also, interhemispheric inhibition from the presymptomatic to the symptomatic M1 was reduced. Lower putamen binding was associated with higher plasticity and reduced interhemispheric inhibition in the presymptomatic hemisphere. The motor compensation coefficient distinguished the presymptomatic from the symptomatic hemisphere. Finally, in the presymptomatic hemisphere, a higher motor compensation coefficient was associated with lower corticospinal excitability and interhemispheric inhibition and with higher plasticity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, the present study suggests that motor compensation involves M1\u2013striatal networks and intercortical connections becoming more effective with progressive loss of dopaminergic terminals in the putamen. The balance between these motor networks seems to be driven by cortical plasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T18:56:09Z","timestamp":1719341769000},"page":"3714-3726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Neurophysiological markers of motor compensatory mechanisms in early Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Passaretti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , 17165 Solna ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1990-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Cilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rinaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Rossi Sebastiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Orunesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , 20122 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Devigili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Braccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Paparella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed , 86077 Pozzilli (IS) ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2518-4259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"De Riggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilo","family":"van Eimeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne , 50937 Cologne ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Paolo","family":"Strafella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, ON M5R 1E8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Lanteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed , 86077 Pozzilli (IS) ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bologna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed , 86077 Pozzilli (IS) ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Eleopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27628","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Is it a consequence of human brain evolution?","volume":"34","author":"Diederich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.07.028","article-title":"A cortical pathogenic theory of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"99","author":"Foffani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2011.00026","article-title":"Somatotopic organization of the primate basal ganglia","volume":"5","author":"Nambu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318253d5dd","article-title":"Functional reorganization of sensorimotor cortex in early Parkinson disease","volume":"78","author":"Kojovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz344","article-title":"Evolving concepts on bradykinesia","volume":"143","author":"Bologna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002461","article-title":"Age at onset and Parkinson disease phenotype","volume":"86","author":"Pagano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29266","article-title":"The concept of motor reserve in Parkinson\u2019s disease: New wine in old bottles?","volume":"38","author":"Hoenig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00609-2","article-title":"Improving the resistance and resilience framework for aging and dementia studies","volume":"12","author":"Arenaza-Urquijo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa274","article-title":"Cortical disinhibition in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"143","author":"Ammann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.009","article-title":"Are studies of motor cortex plasticity relevant in human patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"127","author":"Bologna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2022.06.002","article-title":"Clinical neurophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Pract"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.09.013","article-title":"Central nervous system physiology","volume":"132","author":"Rothwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.04.022","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated?\u2014A consensus and critical position paper","volume":"140","author":"Siebner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.10.002","article-title":"Compensatory mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Circuits adaptations and role in disease modification","volume":"298","author":"Blesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106137","article-title":"Short-term plasticity of the motor cortex compensates for bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"182","author":"Guerra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab257","article-title":"Driving motor cortex oscillations modulates bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"145","author":"Guerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26167","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation follow-up study in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: A decline in compensation with disease progression?","volume":"30","author":"Kojovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27736","article-title":"The interindividual variability of transcranial magnetic stimulation effects: Implications for diagnostic use in movement disorders","volume":"34","author":"Latorre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B20","first-page":"S32","article-title":"Mechanisms compensating for dopamine loss in early Parkinson disease","volume":"72","author":"Brotchie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcae020","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae020","article-title":"Interhemispheric imbalance and bradykinesia features in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Paparella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th edn)","author":"American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Task Force","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199907)14:4<572::AID-MDS1005>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease (CAPSIT-PD)","volume":"14","author":"Defer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.08.016","article-title":"Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research","volume":"120","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee","volume":"126","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.03.013","article-title":"Reduced dopamine transporter density in the ventral striatum of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and pathological gambling","volume":"39","author":"Cilia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.09.005","article-title":"The Parkinson progression marker initiative (PPMI)","volume":"95","author":"Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-06069-0","article-title":"Different z-score cut-offs for striatal binding ratio (SBR) of DaT SPECT are needed to support the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)","volume":"50","author":"Lanfranchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29172","article-title":"Gray matter volume loss in proposed brain-first and body-first Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes","volume":"37","author":"Banwinkler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1112-z","article-title":"Validation of the Italian version of the Movement Disorder Society\u2013unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale","volume":"34","author":"Antonini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427","article-title":"Parkinsonism: Onset, progression and mortality","volume":"17","author":"Hoehn","year":"1967","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314524","article-title":"Subtle motor disturbances in PREDICT-PD participants","volume":"88","author":"Noyce","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25122","article-title":"Calibration of unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale scores to Movement Disorder Society-unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale scores","volume":"27","author":"Goetz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223256","article-title":"Parkinsonian hand or clinician\u2019s eye? Finger tap bradykinesia interrater reliability for 21 movement disorder experts","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-230119","article-title":"May bradykinesia features aid in distinguishing Parkinson\u2019s disease, essential tremor, and healthy elderly individuals?","volume":"13","author":"Paparella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1945-6","article-title":"Emotional facedness in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"125","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.03.001","article-title":"Hysteresis effects on the input\u2013output curve of motor evoked potentials","volume":"120","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy155","article-title":"Neurophysiological correlates of bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"141","author":"Bologna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279966","article-title":"Differential effects of motor skill acquisition on the primary motor and sensory cortices in healthy humans","volume":"598","author":"Paparella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02527-z","article-title":"Neurophysiological assessment of juvenile parkinsonism due to primary monoamine neurotransmitter disorders","volume":"129","author":"Passaretti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7335","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad042","article-title":"Relationship between the interlimb transfer of a visuomotor learning task and interhemispheric inhibition in healthy humans","volume":"33","author":"Paparella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12009","article-title":"Practice-related reduction of electromyographic mirroring activity depends on basal levels of interhemispheric inhibition","volume":"36","author":"Bologna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13708-2","article-title":"Long-latency interhemispheric interactions between motor-related areas and the primary motor cortex: A dual site TMS study","volume":"7","author":"Fiori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.09.023","article-title":"Effects of GABAA and GABAB agonists on interhemispheric inhibition in man","volume":"118","author":"Irlbacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00900.2002","article-title":"A temporally asymmetric Hebbian rule governing plasticity in the human motor cortex","volume":"89","author":"Wolters","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.230540","article-title":"Cerebellar modulation of human associative plasticity","volume":"590","author":"Hamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22284","article-title":"Age-specific progression of nigrostriatal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"69","author":"de la Fuente-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14845","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009874107","article-title":"Distinct subclasses of medium spiny neurons differentially regulate striatal motor behaviors","volume":"107","author":"Bateup","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11846","article-title":"Concurrent activation of striatal direct and indirect pathways during action initiation","volume":"494","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09159","article-title":"Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry","volume":"466","author":"Kravitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4082","article-title":"Dynamic rewiring of neural circuits in the motor cortex in mouse models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26938","article-title":"Motor learning in animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Aberrant synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4038","article-title":"A fronto\u2013striato\u2013subthalamic\u2013pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition","volume":"16","author":"Jahanshahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.66020589.x","article-title":"The prefrontal cortex regulates the basal release of dopamine in the limbic striatum: An effect mediated by ventral tegmental area","volume":"66","author":"Karreman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00069-2","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal system","volume":"43","author":"Keck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4160","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw252","article-title":"Cortical control of striatal dopamine transmission via striatal cholinergic interneurons","volume":"26","author":"Kosillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.1993.63","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex increases dopamine release in the striatum","volume":"9","author":"Taber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg268","article-title":"Striatal dopamine release induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"126","author":"Strafella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC157","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-15-j0003.2001","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus","volume":"21","author":"Strafella","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370208","article-title":"Changes in excitability of motor cortical circuitry in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Ridding","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.1.71","article-title":"Cortical inhibition in Parkinson\u2019s disease. A study with paired magnetic stimulation","volume":"119","author":"Berardelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00316-3","article-title":"Effects of chronic levodopa and pergolide treatment on cortical excitability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"111","author":"Strafella","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00610.x","article-title":"Intracortical inhibition and facilitation are impaired in patients with early Parkinson\u2019s disease: A paired TMS study","volume":"10","author":"Bares","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn201","article-title":"Two phases of interhemispheric inhibition between motor related cortical areas and the primary motor cortex in human","volume":"19","author":"Ni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.11.003","article-title":"Interhemispheric pathways in agenesis of the corpus callosum and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Lizarraga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.144824","article-title":"Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of cortical mechanisms involved in motor control","volume":"586","author":"Reis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad325","article-title":"Clinical severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease is determined by decline in cortical compensation","volume":"147","author":"Johansson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl031","article-title":"Motor cortex plasticity in Parkinson\u2019s disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesias","volume":"129","author":"Morgante","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20692","article-title":"Altered plasticity of the human motor cortex in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"59","author":"Ueki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm098","article-title":"Boosting focally-induced brain plasticity by dopamine","volume":"18","author":"Kuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190181","article-title":"Dosage-dependent non-linear effect of L-dopa on human motor cortex plasticity","volume":"588","author":"Monte-Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0728-09.2009","article-title":"Dose-dependent inverted U-shaped effect of dopamine (D2-like) receptor activation on focal and nonfocal plasticity in humans","volume":"29","author":"Monte-Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.12.058","article-title":"Variability in non-invasive brain stimulation studies: Reasons and results","volume":"719","author":"Guerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2024110323585758800_awae210-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.572","article-title":"Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation","volume":"123","author":"Stefan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awae210\/58932550\/awae210.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/147\/11\/3714\/60343636\/awae210.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/147\/11\/3714\/60343636\/awae210.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]],"date-time":"2024-11-03T18:59:44Z","timestamp":1730660384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/147\/11\/3714\/7742329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awae210","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]}}}