{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:03:42Z","timestamp":1792785822118,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Treating cognitive impairment is a holy grail of modern clinical neuroscience. In the past few years, non-invasive brain stimulation is increasingly emerging as a therapeutic approach to ameliorate performance in patients with cognitive impairment and as an augmentation approach in persons whose cognitive performance is within normal limits. In patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, better understanding of brain connectivity and function has allowed for the development of different non-invasive brain stimulation protocols. Recent studies have shown that transcranial stimulation methods enhancing brain plasticity with several modalities have beneficial effects on cognitive functions. Amelioration has been shown in preclinical studies on behaviour of transgenic mouse models for Alzheimer\u2019s pathology and in clinical studies with variable severity of cognitive impairment. While the field is still grappling with issues related to the standardization of target population, frequency, intensity, treatment duration and stimulated region, positive outcomes have been reported on cognitive functions and on markers of brain pathology. Here we review the most encouraging protocols based on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, visual-auditory stimulation, photobiomodulation and transcranial focused ultrasound, which have demonstrated efficacy to enhance cognitive functions or slow cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Beneficial non-invasive brain stimulation effects on cognitive functions are associated with the modulation of specific brain networks. The most promising results have been obtained targeting key hubs of higher-level cognitive networks, such as the frontal-parietal network and the default mode network. The personalization of stimulation parameters according to individual brain features sheds new light on optimizing non-invasive brain stimulation protocols for future applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T14:39:32Z","timestamp":1726151972000},"page":"4003-4016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["The emerging field of non-invasive brain stimulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6155-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Koch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuropsychophysiology Lab, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , 00179 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara and Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT) , 44121 Ferrara ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Altomare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia , 25123 Brescia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8703-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Benussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Br\u00e9chet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva , 1205 Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias P","family":"Casula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuropsychophysiology Lab, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , 00179 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata , 00133 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Dodich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento , 38068 Rovereto ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Pievani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Alzheimer\u2019s Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli , 25123 Brescia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Santarnecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 02114 Boston ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni B","family":"Frisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva , 1205 Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Geneva Memory Center, Geneva University Hospitals , 1205 Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121321460410800_awae292-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2024121321460410800_awae292-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100576","article-title":"Dementia prevention in memory clinics: Recommendations from the European task force for brain health services","volume":"26","author":"Frisoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2024121321460410800_awae292-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00895-4","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for dementia and dementia risk profiling. 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