{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:40:43Z","timestamp":1789958443158,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007048","name":"Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Nerve conduction F-wave studies contain crucial information about subclinical motor dysfunction that can be used to diagnose patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, F-wave responses are highly variable in morphology, making waveform interpretation challenging. Artificial intelligence techniques can extract time\u2013frequency features to provide new insights into ALS diagnosis and prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was performed on F-wave responses from 46 802 patients. Discrete wavelet transforms were applied to time-series waveform responses after stimulating ulnar, median, fibular and tibial nerves. Wavelet coefficient statistics, onset age, sex and body mass index were features for training a Gradient Boosting Machine model on 40 095 patients (5329 diagnosed with motor neuron disease). Model performance was tested on responses from 689 ALS patients meeting Gold Coast criteria and 689 age- and sex-matched controls. An exploratory analysis examined model performance on cohorts of patients with inclusion body myositis, cervical radiculopathy, lumbar radiculopathy or peripheral neuropathy, which can mimic ALS symptoms. Factors affecting survival were estimated through Cox proportional hazards regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The model trained using wavelet features on the full waveform had 90% recall, 87% precision and 88% accuracy. Similar model performance was measured using features from only the M-wave or F-wave. Classification probabilities for ALS patients were statistically different from the diagnoses mimicking ALS symptoms (P &amp;lt; 0.001, ANOVA, Tukey\u2019s post hoc test). Higher model classification probabilities of ALS, older age at onset, and family history of ALS alone or with frontotemporal dementia were factors decreasing survival. Longer diagnostic delay and upper limb onset site were factors increasing survival. Model scores two standard deviations below the mean had 4 months increased survival (two standard deviations below had 3 months decreased survival).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Artificial intelligence techniques extracted important information from F-wave responses to estimate a patient\u2019s likelihood of ALS and their survival risks. Although the model can make predictions at a specific decision threshold as presented here, the true strength of such a model lies in its ability to provide probabilities about whether a patient is likely to have ALS in comparison to other mimicking diagnoses, such as inclusion body myositis, cervical or lumbar radiculopathy or peripheral neuropathy. These probabilities provide clinicians with additional information that they can use to make the final diagnosis with greater confidence and precision. Integrating such a model into the clinical workflow could help clinicians to diagnose ALS sooner and manage treatment based on estimated survival, which might improve outcomes and the quality of life of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T16:51:42Z","timestamp":1737046302000},"page":"2320-2330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Artificial intelligence models using F-wave responses predict amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Jennifer M","family":"Martinez-Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9002-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin A","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Parra-Cantu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University at St. Louis , St. Louis, MO 63110 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6212-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elie","family":"Naddaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatsampath","family":"Gogineni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905 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, Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6760-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan P","family":"Staff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025070715514655700_awaf014-B1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Ten central themes in a decade of ALS research","volume":"56","author":"Rowland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"2025070715514655700_awaf014-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.03.002","article-title":"F wave study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Assessment of balance between upper and lower motor neuron involvement","volume":"117","author":"Argyriou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin 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