{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:24:30Z","timestamp":1791563070633,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["089231\/A\/09\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["089231\/A\/09\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Health\u2019s National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre\u2019s"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015873","name":"National Brain Appeal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guarantors of Brain and the Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/X00046X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X00046X\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Two of the most well-studied types of reasoning are analogical reasoning (AR) and deductive reasoning (DR). Yet, our understanding of the relationship between reasoning abilities and their neuroanatomical basis remains surprisingly limited. We aimed to conduct fine-grained anatomical mapping of performance on tests of AR, DR and fluid intelligence (Gf), in a large sample of patients with unilateral focal frontal or posterior lesions and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We assessed 247 prospectively recruited patients using two new tests: the Analogical Reasoning Test (ART) and the Deductive Reasoning Test (DRT); and the best-established measure of Gf: Raven\u2019s Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM). Non-parametric Bayesian stochastic block modelling was used to reveal the community structure of lesion deficit networks, disentangling functional from confounding pathological distributed effects.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>ART and DRT performance was significantly impaired in patients with frontal lesions [ART: F(2,238) = 18.93; P &amp;lt; 0.001; Frontal group worse than Posterior group and healthy controls, both P &amp;lt; 0.001; DRT: F(2,387) = 18.491; P &amp;lt; 0.001; Frontal group worse than healthy controls, P &amp;lt; 0.01]. Right frontal effects were evident on both tests. Thus, on the ART, right frontal patients were more impaired than left (P &amp;lt; 0.05). On the DRT, right frontal patients were more impaired than left frontal patients on questions with indeterminate solutions (P &amp;lt; 0.05) but not on questions with determinate ones. Non-parametric Bayesian stochastic block modelling implicated a right frontal network in ART and DRT performance. Strikingly, we found that this network was also implicated in performance on RAPM.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Our study represents the most robust investigation of AR and DR in the focally injured brain. Our findings imply that a right frontal network is critical. The ART and DRT appear to be promising new clinical tests, capable of evaluating reasoning abilities and identifying right frontal lobe dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:03:18Z","timestamp":1744761798000},"page":"1757-1768","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A right frontal network for analogical and deductive reasoning"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0092-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Mole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London WC1N 3BG ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Institute of Neurology, University College London , London WC1N 3BG 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