{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T06:38:09Z","timestamp":1789799889641,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012498","name":"Alzheimer Society Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000143","name":"Alzheimer Society of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000026","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research\u2014Institute of Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["189919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["189919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT191687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT191687"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases are multi-faceted disorders influenced by and affecting more than just the brain and nervous system. Here, we provide a review of the potential links, including mechanistic and genetic, between kidney health and neurodegeneration, mainly dementia and the two most prevalent late-onset neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease. We also discuss lines of evidence from various study designs and methodologies that either support or do not support an association between kidney health and neurodegeneration. We conclude with a summary of current gaps and provide possible ways forward to overcome them in future research. The goal of this review is to encourage further exploration of the relationship between these two biological systems to better elucidate potential actionable options to improve brain health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T08:07:35Z","timestamp":1742717255000},"page":"2616-2630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The relationship between kidney health and neurodegenerative diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Melody","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H3C 3J7","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0966-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H3C 3J7","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Research Centre, Montr\u00e9al Heart Institute , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H1T 1C8","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H3C 3J7","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyza","family":"Maameri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre, Montr\u00e9al Heart Institute , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H1T 1C8","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec , G1V 0A6","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Gawhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H3C 3J7","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Research Centre, Montr\u00e9al Heart Institute , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H1T 1C8","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frida","family":"Lona-Durazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H3C 3J7","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Research Centre, Montr\u00e9al Heart Institute , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H1T 1C8","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1306-1868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A","family":"Gagliano Taliun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre, Montr\u00e9al Heart Institute , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H1T 1C8","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H3C 3J7","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec , H3C 3J7","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00623-1","article-title":"Linking chronic kidney disease and Parkinson's disease: A literature review","volume":"36","author":"Melendez-Flores","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2252387","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.52387","article-title":"Association of kidney function with development of Alzheimer disease and other dementias and dementia-related blood biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"Stocker","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.09.007","article-title":"Kidney disease and brain health: Current knowledge and next steps","volume":"81","author":"Murray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-240067","article-title":"Association between kidney disease index and decline in cognitive function with mediation by arterial stiffness in Asians with type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Low","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007","article-title":"Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: Synopsis of the kidney disease: Improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline","volume":"158","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061606","article-title":"Exploring the link between chronic kidney disease and Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal follow-up study using the Korean national health screening cohort","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","author":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0158765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765","article-title":"Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830064","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.830064","article-title":"Disentangling the relationship between chronic kidney disease and cognitive disorders","volume":"13","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50007","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"41","author":"Coresh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B11"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-02006-6","article-title":"Genetic biomarkers of cognitive impairment and dementia of potential interest in CKD patients","volume":"37","author":"Zoccali","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2007.00384.x","article-title":"Cognitive function in chronic kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Madero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318217e7a4","article-title":"Vascular risk factors promote conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-205","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated factors among the Chinese population in Taian, China","volume":"15","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.016","article-title":"Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: A population-based perspective","volume":"11","author":"Baumgart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.01.020","article-title":"Global glomerulosclerosis in primary nephrotic syndrome: Including age as a variable to predict renal outcomes","volume":"93","author":"Kopp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2011","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetic complications","volume":"93","author":"Forbes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2012.00922.x","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction: An emerging concept of a new diabetic complication in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Umegaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.2","article-title":"Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease","volume":"7","author":"Reitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f5961","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5961","article-title":"Risk of moderate to advanced kidney disease in patients with psoriasis: Population based cohort study","volume":"347","author":"Wan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00384","article-title":"A novel perspective linkage between kidney function and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00561-y","article-title":"Association between chronic kidney disease and Alzheimer's disease: An update","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B24"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4354","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29184354","article-title":"P38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase-an emerging drug target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"29","author":"Detka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19709-x","article-title":"Association between kidney function and Parkinson's disease risk: A prospective study from the UK Biobank","volume":"24","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.010","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Calsolaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"5 Movement Disorders","key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000436152.24038.e0","article-title":"Parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"19","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00394","article-title":"Biological and clinical implications of comorbidities in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Santiago","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003482","article-title":"Dementia risk in renal dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"88","author":"Deckers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012050536","article-title":"Cognitive disorders and dementia in CKD: The neglected kidney-brain axis","volume":"24","author":"Bugnicourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2008.27","article-title":"Strain vessel hypothesis: A viewpoint for linkage of albuminuria and cerebro-cardiovascular risk","volume":"32","author":"Ito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10990","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1480-16.2016","article-title":"Uric acid induces cognitive dysfunction through hippocampal inflammation in rodents and humans","volume":"36","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3663-y","article-title":"Anemia in chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Atkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02660310","article-title":"Vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study","volume":"6","author":"Kurella Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2022.2158640","article-title":"Renal function and neurodegenerative diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.01.026","article-title":"Role of brain renin angiotensin system in neurodegeneration: An update","volume":"27","author":"Abiodun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18495","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18495","article-title":"The potential role of brain renin-angiotensin system in the neuropathology of Parkinson disease: Friend, foe or turncoat?","volume":"28","author":"Al-Qahtani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00129","article-title":"Brain renin-angiotensin system and microglial polarization: Implications for aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"9","author":"Labandeira-Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102602","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/102602","article-title":"Renin angiotensin system in cognitive function and dementia","volume":"2013","author":"Bodiga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351758","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/351758","article-title":"The angiotensin II type 2 receptor in brain functions: An update","volume":"2012","author":"Guimond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10139","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810139","article-title":"Brain renin-angiotensin system as novel and potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"Loera-Valencia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E765","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00406.2019","article-title":"The neuronal (pro)renin receptor and astrocyte inflammation in the central regulation of blood pressure and blood glucose in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"318","author":"Worker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105922","article-title":"Functions of the (pro)renin receptor (Atp6ap2) at molecular and system levels: Pathological implications in hypertension, renal and brain development, inflammation, and fibrosis","volume":"173","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01061-1","article-title":"Single-cell genomic profiling of human dopamine neurons identifies a population that selectively degenerates in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Kamath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4103\/JLP.JLP_136_18","article-title":"Renoprotective effect of irbesartan in a rat model of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity: Role of oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122045","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and their renin-angiotensin cargo as a link between metabolic syndrome and Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-023-01392-y","article-title":"Primary hypothyroidism and Alzheimer's disease: A tale of two","volume":"43","author":"AlAnazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101290","article-title":"Statins use in Alzheimer disease: Bane or boon from frantic search and narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Alsubaie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-022-09730-0","article-title":"AT1 receptors: Their actions from hypertension to cognitive impairment","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Toxicol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137197","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1137197","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004024","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2024-004024","article-title":"Increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases in Finnish individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Satuli-Autere","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2438","article-title":"Brain structure among middle-aged and older adults with long-standing type 1 diabetes in the DCCT\/EDIC study","volume":"45","author":"Jacobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1302","article-title":"Clinical and MRI features of cerebral small-vessel disease in type 1 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Thorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B55","volume-title":"Hemodialysis","author":"Murdeshwar","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14060597","article-title":"Mid- and late-life chronic kidney disease is associated with Parkinson's disease, not with an increased risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11576-0","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analyses and fine-mapping elucidate pathways influencing albuminuria","volume":"10","author":"Teumer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz243","article-title":"A genome-wide association study implicates multiple mechanisms influencing raised urinary albumin-creatinine ratio","volume":"28","author":"Casanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24491-0","article-title":"Discovery and prioritization of variants and genes for kidney function in &gt;1.2 million individuals","volume":"12","author":"Stanzick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.361","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of kidney function decline in individuals of European descent","volume":"87","author":"Gorski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002584","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002584","article-title":"Genome-wide association and functional follow-up reveals new loci for kidney function","volume":"8","author":"Pattaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00757-z","article-title":"Genetics of 35 blood and urine biomarkers in the UK Biobank","volume":"53","author":"Sinnott-Armstrong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01024-z","article-title":"New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias","volume":"54","author":"Bellenguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00921-z","article-title":"A genome-wide association study with 1,126,563 individuals identifies new risk loci for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"Wightman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0358-2","article-title":"Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer's disease identifies new risk loci and implicates A\u03b2, tau, immunity and lipid processing","volume":"51","author":"Kunkle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01584-8","article-title":"Multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30320-5","article-title":"Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies","volume":"18","author":"Nalls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26090","article-title":"Investigation of autosomal genetic sex differences in Parkinson's disease","volume":"90","author":"Blauwendraat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1806891","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of exome sequencing for kidney disease","volume":"380","author":"Groopman","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00704-0","article-title":"Collagen in the central nervous system: Contributions to neurodegeneration and promise as a therapeutic target","volume":"19","author":"Wareham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.06.026","article-title":"The role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8346443","article-title":"Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families","volume":"261","author":"Corder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2174\/15672050113106660162","article-title":"Plasma clusterin levels and the rs11136000 genotype in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Mullan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01185-z","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and progression rates: Implications for therapeutic trials","volume":"19","author":"Duara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.07.015","article-title":"Associations between CLU polymorphisms and memory performance: The role of serum lipids in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.108","article-title":"Clusterin depletion enhances immune glomerular injury in the isolated perfused kidney","volume":"45","author":"Saunders","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.10.018","article-title":"Carbamylated sortilin associates with cardiovascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"101","author":"Jankowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1943","article-title":"The neuronal sortilin-related receptor SORL1 is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease","volume":"39","author":"Rogaeva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.013","article-title":"SORL1 haplotypes modulate risk of Alzheimer's disease in Chinese","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-00991-5","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor associated with kidney function","volume":"15","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00035-7","article-title":"The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function","volume":"112","author":"Egan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr348","article-title":"LRRK2 protein levels are determined by kinase function and are crucial for kidney and lung homeostasis in mice","volume":"20","author":"Herzig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2018.01.003","article-title":"PFE-360-induced LRRK2 inhibition induces reversible, non-adverse renal changes in rats","volume":"395","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00363","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A key molecule for memory in the healthy and the pathological brain","volume":"13","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563214533514","article-title":"Insulin resistance and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in chronic kidney disease","volume":"52","author":"Marchelek-Mysliwiec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10099","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2680-04.2004","article-title":"The brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism and variation in human cortical morphology","volume":"24","author":"Pezawas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.105","article-title":"Lanosterol induces mitochondrial uncoupling and protects dopaminergic neurons from cell death in a model for Parkinson's disease","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0407-x","article-title":"A catalog of genetic loci associated with kidney function from analyses of a million individuals","volume":"51","author":"Wuttke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143205","article-title":"Exploring the link between chronic kidney disease and Parkinson's disease: Insights from a longitudinal study using a national health screening cohort","volume":"15","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","article-title":"An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits","volume":"47","author":"Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01017-y","article-title":"An integrated framework for local genetic correlation analysis","volume":"54","author":"Werme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"S10","key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e042527","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.042527","article-title":"Is kidney disease associated with both Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia?","volume":"16","author":"Basit SBD","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"doi:ARTN 105157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105157","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of kidney function on brain volumes and dementia risk in the UK Biobank","volume":"116","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriat"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70044","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70044","article-title":"Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate relates to cognitive impairment and brain alterations","volume":"16","author":"Rahayel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000358921","article-title":"Increased risk of Parkinson's disease in patients with end-stage renal disease: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-240807","article-title":"Causal effects of kidney function and chronic kidney disease on Alzheimer's disease by analyzing large-scale genome-wide association study datasets","volume":"102","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e052652","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-052652","article-title":"Kidney disease and risk of dementia: A Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Kjaergaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"glad192","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad192","article-title":"Association of kidney function with dementia and structural brain differences: A large population-based cohort study","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26817","article-title":"Proteomic indicators of health predict Alzheimer's disease biomarker levels and dementia risk","volume":"95","author":"Dark","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040297","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration","volume":"4","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: The STROBE-MR statement","volume":"326","author":"Skrivankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e486","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00130-8","article-title":"The essential role of randomised controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Marini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796024000623","article-title":"A guide for planning triangulation studies to investigate complex causal questions in behavioural and psychiatric research","volume":"33","author":"Treur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e288","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30049-3","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease from screening, detection, and awareness, to prevention","volume":"4","author":"Sherwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025080112525930100_awaf113-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awaf113\/62523900\/awaf113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/148\/8\/2616\/62523900\/awaf113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/148\/8\/2616\/62523900\/awaf113.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T16:53:23Z","timestamp":1754067203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/148\/8\/2616\/8090446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaf113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]}}}