{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:32:03Z","timestamp":1791775923541,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ecole Doctorale Fronti\u00e8res de l\u2019Innovation en Recherche et Education\u2013Programme Bettencourt"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-PERM-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-PERM-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01KU2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KU2003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022720","name":"Fondazione Regionale per la Ricerca Biomedica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA 77982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 77982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MODELDxConsciousness Consortium","award":["JTC 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JTC 2023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022554","name":"Paris Brain Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Severely brain-injured patients may enter a spectrum of conditions collectively known as disorders of consciousness. This spectrum includes clinical conditions such as unresponsive wakefulness syndrome or minimally conscious state, where the behavioural assessment of consciousness can often be deceptive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To bridge this dissociation, neuroimaging techniques are employed to identify the residual brain functions. Each neuroimaging modality imperfectly captures distinct aspects of brain preservation\u2014functional, anatomical, or both. In this study, we adopt a comprehensive approach by integrating the neurophysiology and neuroimaging modalities available from the standard and advanced clinical assessments through interpretable machine learning. The electrophysiological modalities included high-density EEG (resting state and task), whereas neuroimaging modalities included anatomical and resting-state functional MRI, diffusion MRI and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our investigation reveals that specific modalities, such as functional assessments, provide comprehensive insights into the currently evaluated state of consciousness, the diagnosis of the patients. Conversely, structural modalities offer valuable information about the patient's evolution within the consciousness spectrum. We validate the proposed analysis with data coming from other centres with different acquisition parameters. Importantly, we demonstrate that model performance improves with an increase in the number of modalities. We observe a higher inter-modality disagreement for minimally conscious state patients and those patients who improve. Lastly, we observe a difference in feature importances between diagnosis and prognosis, with an interaction between modality and anatomical structures: some subcortical markers tend to contribute more to prognosis, while other cortical markers are more informative for diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This integrative multimodal and machine learning methodology presents a promising avenue for a more nuanced understanding of disorders of consciousness, contributing to enhanced diagnostic precision, prognostic capabilities and the personalization of rehabilitative strategies in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:53:33Z","timestamp":1761656013000},"page":"1381-1395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Multimodal multicentre investigation of diagnostic and prognostic markers in disorders of consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2756-3263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Manasova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 , Paris 75006 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laouen Mayal Louan","family":"Belloli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires C1053 ,","place":["Argentina"]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation , Buenos Aires C1053 ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Justinus","family":"Rosenfelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich 82152 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Therapiezentrum Burgau, Hospital for Neurological Rehabilitation , Burgau 89331 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University , Ulm 89081 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Willacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich 82152 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Fl\u00f3 Rama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Valota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano , Milan 20157 ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS , Milan 20148 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm 1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 , Paris F-75014 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, HEGP H\u00f4pital, Assistance Publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Paris-Centre (APHP-Centre) , Paris 75014 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte Charlotte","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau - 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