{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:16:35Z","timestamp":1783383395498,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201811004B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201811004B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Technology of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K07999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K07999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) is a chronic, progressive neuroinflammatory disease with no effective treatment. In this study, we investigated whether dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an immunomodulatory agent approved for treating multiple sclerosis, exerts therapeutic effects relevant to HAM\/TSP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 16 people living with HAM\/TSP were used to evaluate the effects of DMF on cell viability, spontaneous proliferation, inflammatory cytokine production and HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>DMF significantly inhibited lymphocyte proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, with reductions of 42.1% at 10\u2005\u00b5M, 56.3% at 25\u2005\u00b5M, 60.6% at 50\u2005\u00b5M and 69.9% at 100\u2005\u00b5M. This suppressive effect was particularly evident in CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, DMF reduced the production of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) released from these proliferating cells. A reduction in PVL was also observed in a subset of ex vivo PBMC cultures derived from individuals with HAM\/TSP exhibiting high viral proliferative activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>These results suggest that DMF suppresses pathogenic immune activation in HAM\/TSP and may therefore represent a promising therapeutic candidate for this disabling neuroinflammatory disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T13:04:01Z","timestamp":1764335041000},"page":"2550-2560","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dimethyl fumarate as a promising therapeutic candidate for virus-associated myelopathy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima 890-8520 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Nozuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima 890-8520 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4098-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masakazu","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima 890-8544 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Dozono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima 890-8520 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima 890-8544 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Matsuzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima 890-8544 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Translational Medicine, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima 890-8544 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryuji","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima 890-8544 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima 890-8520 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection","volume":"3","author":"Gessain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V50.3.481.481","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia: Clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases","volume":"50","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1977","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91298-5","article-title":"HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity","volume":"1","author":"Osame","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5","article-title":"Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"2","author":"Gessain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-016-0451-x","article-title":"Nation-wide epidemiological study of Japanese patients with rare viral myelopathy using novel registration system (HAM-net)","volume":"11","author":"Coler-Reilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15012","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.12","article-title":"HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"1","author":"Bangham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000141","article-title":"Visualization of HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the spinal cords of patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"74","author":"Matsuura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167422","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.167422","article-title":"Identification and tracking of HTLV-1-infected T cell clones in virus-associated neurologic disease","volume":"8","author":"Nozuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.1.482","article-title":"Demonstration of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax-specific CD8+ lymphocytes directly in peripheral blood of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients by intracellular cytokine detection","volume":"161","author":"Kubota","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.1.88","article-title":"Correlation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) mRNA with proviral DNA load, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, and disease severity in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM\/TSP)","volume":"99","author":"Yamano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00881-w","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and cellular immune response in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"26","author":"Nozuma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurovirol."},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad229","article-title":"Targeted immunotherapy for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy: A step in the right direction","volume":"146","author":"Davies","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0533-z","article-title":"Effectiveness of daily prednisolone to slow progression of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: A multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Coler-Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010136","article-title":"Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy: A randomized controlled trial (HAMLET-P)","volume":"14","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.1016","article-title":"Interferon-alpha is effective in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Izumo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-3-63","article-title":"Zidovudine plus lamivudine in human T-lymphotropic virus type-I-associated myelopathy: A randomised trial","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3390\/v3050469","article-title":"Susceptibility of primary HTLV-1 isolates from patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy to reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Macchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-04-085076","article-title":"Histone deacetylase mediated transcriptional activation reduces proviral loads in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients","volume":"110","author":"Lezin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6306","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-349910","article-title":"Safety of long-term treatment of HAM\/TSP patients with valproic acid","volume":"118","author":"Olindo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad139","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of mogamulizumab (anti-CCR4) for treating virus-associated myelopathy","volume":"146","author":"Sato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12239-x","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study of mogamulizumab with open-label extension study in a minimum number of patients with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-associated myelopathy","volume":"271","author":"Sato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114287","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Gold","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206328","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000183","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate treatment alters circulating T helper cell subsets in multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Gross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. Feb"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516649037","article-title":"Long-term effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis: Interim analysis of ENDORSE, a randomized extension study","volume":"23","author":"Gold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.02.017","article-title":"Fumaric acid and its esters: An emerging treatment for multiple sclerosis with antioxidative mechanism of action","volume":"142","author":"Gold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq386","article-title":"Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway","volume":"134","author":"Linker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07779.x","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate inhibits nuclear binding of nuclear factor kappaB but not of nuclear factor of activated T cells and CCAAT\/enhancer binding protein beta in activated human T cells","volume":"156","author":"Gerdes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28017","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.383380","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate inhibits dendritic cell maturation via nuclear factor \u03baB (NF-\u03baB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1\/2) and mitogen stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) signaling","volume":"287","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.16349","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate suppresses the proliferation of HTLV-1-infected T cells by inhibiting CBM complex-triggered NF-B signaling","volume":"43","author":"Sato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-694117","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate restores apoptosis sensitivity and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in CTCL by targeting NF-\u03baB","volume":"128","author":"Nicolay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B32","volume-title":"Review of WHO Kagoshima meeting and diagnostic guidelines for HAM\/TSP. Human retrovirology","author":"Osame","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809114225","article-title":"Analysis of HTLV-I proviral load in 202 HAM\/TSP patients and 243 asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers: High proviral load strongly predisposes to HAM\/TSP","volume":"4","author":"Nagai","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurovirol."},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1302","article-title":"Spontaneous proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy","volume":"38","author":"Itoyama","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.5.1506","article-title":"In vitro spontaneous lymphoproliferation in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated neurologic disease: Predominant expansion of CD8+ T cells","volume":"98","author":"Sakai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005560","article-title":"CADM1\/TSLC1 identifies HTLV-1-infected cells and determines their susceptibility to CTL-mediated lysis","volume":"12","author":"Manivannan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e986","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000986","article-title":"Effect of teriflunomide on cells from patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated neurologic disease","volume":"8","author":"Enose-Akahata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000076","article-title":"Reduction of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate","volume":"2","author":"Spencer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517703799","article-title":"Treatment response to dimethyl fumarate is characterized by disproportionate CD8+ T cell reduction in MS","volume":"24","author":"Fleischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.8.4744","article-title":"Carbon monoxide produced by heme oxygenase-1 suppresses T cell proliferation via inhibition of IL-2 production","volume":"172","author":"Pae","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5279","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903127","article-title":"Naive human T cells are activated and proliferate in response to the heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor tin mesoporphyrin","volume":"185","author":"Burt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63365-2","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 modulates early inflammatory responses: Evidence from the heme oxygenase-1-deficient mouse","volume":"165","author":"Kapturczak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.09.003","article-title":"Nrf2-Keap1 defines a physiologically important stress response mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Motohashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72151","article-title":"Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 mediates dimethyl fumarate\u2019s protective effect in EAE","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.014753","article-title":"Transcription factor NRF2 as a therapeutic target for chronic diseases: A systems medicine approach","volume":"70","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu438","article-title":"Mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 antibody, targets human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to treat associated myelopathy","volume":"211","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27198","article-title":"HTLV-1 propels untransformed CD4 lymphocytes into the cell cycle while protecting CD8 cells from death","volume":"116","author":"Sibon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14559","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251540598","article-title":"IL-15 plays a major role in the persistence of Tax-specific CD8 cells in HAM\/TSP patients","volume":"98","author":"Azimi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00563","article-title":"Immunological approaches towards cancer and inflammation: A cross talk","volume":"9","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.15709","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate induces apoptosis via inhibiting NF-kappaB and STAT3 signaling in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma cells","volume":"42","author":"Maeta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000340","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate-induced lymphopenia in MS due to differential T-cell subset apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Ghadiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.08.012","article-title":"HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4(+)CCR4(+) T cells that produces an inflammatory positive feedback loop via astrocytes in HAM\/TSP","volume":"304","author":"Yamano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5015","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101868","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate, an immune modulator and inducer of the antioxidant response, suppresses HIV replication and macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity: A novel candidate for HIV neuroprotection","volume":"187","author":"Cross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18764-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV2-mediated suppression of NRF2-signaling reveals potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of 4-octyl-itaconate and dimethyl fumarate","volume":"11","author":"Olagnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00799-9","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of monomethyl fumarate following a single oral dose of bafiertam (monomethyl fumarate) or tecfidera((R)) (dimethyl fumarate)","volume":"35","author":"Lategan","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.04.006","article-title":"DMF, but not other fumarates, inhibits NF-kappaB activity in vitro in an Nrf2-independent manner","volume":"283","author":"Gillard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-03-493718","article-title":"HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein stimulates ROS production and apoptosis in T cells by interacting with USP10","volume":"122","author":"Takahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070619580863000_awaf447-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-022-00758-y","article-title":"Glutathione reductase system changes in HTLV-1 infected patients","volume":"33","author":"Ehtiati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virusdisease"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awaf447\/66700669\/awaf447.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/149\/7\/2550\/66700669\/awaf447.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/149\/7\/2550\/66700669\/awaf447.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:58:30Z","timestamp":1783382310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/149\/7\/2550\/8454291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaf447","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]}}}