{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T02:19:20Z","timestamp":1788747560237,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical and Life Sciences Translational Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000769","name":"University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Parkinson\u2019s France"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brain and Royal Society Sino-British Fellowship Trust"},{"name":"Saven Research & Development Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Freezing of gait (FOG) is a devastating symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) often resulting in disabling falls and loss of independence. It affects half of patients, yet current therapeutic strategies are insufficient, and the underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigated beta oscillation dynamics in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) during different movement states (sitting, standing and stepping), while examining the effects of levodopa. Specifically, it aimed to identify pathological activity during stepping by analysing the relationship between the STN and leg muscles and how this is modulated by levodopa. Local field potentials (LFPs) in the STN and leg muscle activity measured as EMG of the gastrocnemius and peroneus longus were recorded in 14 PD patients during sitting, standing and stepping, ON and OFF levodopa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Levodopa reduced stepping frequency variability, implying improved stepping rhythmicity. Low-beta (12\u201320\u2005Hz) and high-beta (21\u201335\u2005Hz) were differentially modulated by stepping movements and levodopa, with reduced high-beta and increased low-beta during stepping compared with standing and sitting. In contrast, levodopa reduced low-beta but increased high-beta activity, highlighting a potential physiological function of high-beta in the STN. Additionally, step-phase-specific effects of levodopa were observed including reduced broad-beta band activity in the STN and leg muscles during the late stance and lift-off phase of the contralateral leg when ON medication. Furthermore, STN beta bursts were associated with increased muscle activation at movement initiation, potentially reducing the ability to move freely. This study observed different effects of movement status (sitting versus stepping versus standing) on the average amplitude of low- versus high-beta frequency bands, suggesting they may serve distinct functional roles. Furthermore, there is a step-phase-specific effect of levodopa on STN LFPs, EMGs and intermuscular coherence during stepping. These findings offer insight for developing phase-specific stimulation strategies targeting STN beta oscillations during gait.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:05:48Z","timestamp":1765544748000},"page":"2409-2421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dopamine and the dynamics of subthalamic and leg muscle activities in parkinsonian stepping"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Thomas G","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5269-1902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shenghong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Wehmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alek","family":"Pogosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodriguez Plazas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwini","family":"Oswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1789-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City St George\u2019s, University of London & St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Neuroscience & Cell Biology Research Institute , London EC1V 0HB ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul S","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City St George\u2019s, University of London & St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Neuroscience & Cell Biology Research Institute , London EC1V 0HB ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harutomo","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9RS ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Wiest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanjun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5279-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp A","family":"Loehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg , Marburg 35043 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Merla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9RS ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2596-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University of Cologne , Cologne 50937 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Visser-Vandewalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University of Cologne , Cologne 50937 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9RS ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Adindu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9RS ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-3612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Raslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9RS ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"O\u2019Keeffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9RS ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1423-5620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Welter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology, CHU Rouen, Rouen University , Rouen 76000 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9834-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Morgante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City St George\u2019s, University of London & St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Neuroscience & Cell Biology Research Institute , London EC1V 0HB ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5635-7434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keyoumars","family":"Ashkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9RS ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erlick A","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City St George\u2019s, University of London & St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Neuroscience & Cell Biology Research Institute , London EC1V 0HB ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8038-3029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiling","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s41016-020-00197-y","article-title":"The prevalence of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease and in patients with different disease durations and severities","volume":"6","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Neurosurg J"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S304567","article-title":"Current perspectives on the assessment and management of gait disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1656067","article-title":"Treatment options for postural instability and gait difficulties in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh029","article-title":"The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders","volume":"127","author":"Hamani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198691","article-title":"Phase matters: A role for the subthalamic network during gait","volume":"13","author":"Arnulfo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.06.024","article-title":"Forebrain control of locomotor behaviors","volume":"57","author":"Takakusaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.16062","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy for posture and gait control","volume":"10","author":"Takakusaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70013-0","article-title":"The functional role of beta oscillations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Little","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.12.001","article-title":"Abnormal oscillatory synchronisation in the motor system leads to impaired movement","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30044-4","article-title":"Gait impairments in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Mirelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.09.004","article-title":"Neuromodulation targets pathological not physiological beta bursts during gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"120","author":"Anidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3596-17.2018","article-title":"Alternating modulation of subthalamic nucleus beta oscillations during stepping","volume":"38","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04717.x","article-title":"Reduction in subthalamic 8\u201335 Hz oscillatory activity correlates with clinical improvement in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.11.008","article-title":"Pathological synchronisation in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease relates to both bradykinesia and rigidity","volume":"215","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12634","article-title":"Levodopa effect on basal ganglia motor circuit in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120106","article-title":"Measurement of rigidity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Prochazka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0310-8","article-title":"Gait analysis in patients with advanced Parkinson disease: Different or additive effects on gait induced by levodopa and chronic STN stimulation","volume":"113","author":"Lubik","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.01.021","article-title":"Clinical and anatomical predictors for freezing of gait and falls after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"62","author":"Karachi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaf266","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf266","article-title":"Beta burst-driven adaptive deep brain stimulation for gait impairment and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Wilkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428189","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1428189","article-title":"Case report: Improvement of gait with adaptive deep brain stimulation in a patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Isaias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00191-5","article-title":"Freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Pathophysiology, risk factors and treatments","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.06.001","article-title":"Rhythm-specific pharmacological modulation of subthalamic activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"189","author":"Priori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.01.015","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus phase\u2013amplitude coupling correlates with motor impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"127","author":"van Wijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.12.005","article-title":"High beta activity in the subthalamic nucleus and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"64","author":"Toledo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww048","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation modulates synchrony within spatially and spectrally distinct resting state networks in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"139","author":"Oswal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25366-0","article-title":"Neural signatures of hyperdirect pathway activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Oswal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.02.011","article-title":"Electrophysiological differences between upper and lower limb movements in the human subthalamic nucleus","volume":"130","author":"Tinkhauser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00951","article-title":"Abnormal muscle activity and variability before, during, and after the occurrence of freezing in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Cant\u00fa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.12.020","article-title":"Levodopa effect on electromyographic activation patterns of tibialis anterior muscle during walking in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Caliandro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh189","article-title":"Electromyographic profiles of gait prior to onset of freezing episodes in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"127","author":"Nieuwboer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733067","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.733067","article-title":"People with Parkinson\u2019s disease and freezing of gait show abnormal low frequency activity of antagonistic leg muscles","volume":"15","author":"Breu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102281","article-title":"Transient beta activity and cortico-muscular connectivity during sustained motor behaviour","volume":"214","author":"Echeverria-Altuna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120774","article-title":"Cortical beta oscillations help synchronise muscles during static posture holding in healthy motor control","volume":"298","author":"Simpson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz325","article-title":"Hitting the brakes: Pathological subthalamic nucleus activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease gait freezing","volume":"142","author":"Georgiades","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00102-9","article-title":"The complementary role of the plantarflexors, hamstrings and gluteus maximus in the control of stance limb stability during gait","volume":"17","author":"Jonkers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae223","article-title":"Supraspinal contributions to defective antagonistic inhibition and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"147","author":"Klocke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679509002306","article-title":"Peroneus longus and tibialis anterior muscle activity in the stance phase: A quantified electromyographic study of 10 controls and 25 patients with chronic ankle instability","volume":"66","author":"Louwerens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106019","article-title":"Evoked resonant neural activity in subthalamic local field potentials reflects basal ganglia network dynamics","volume":"178","author":"Wiest","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B39","first-page":"61","article-title":"Ankle rehabilitation: A reintroduction of the peroneus longus","volume":"24","author":"Bellew","year":"2002","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002124","article-title":"Alterations in brain connectivity underlying beta oscillations in parkinsonism","volume":"7","author":"Moran","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.021","article-title":"EEG-neurofeedback training of beta band (12\u201322 Hz) affects alpha and beta frequencies\u2014A controlled study of a healthy population","volume":"108","author":"Jurewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo1800","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo1800","article-title":"Principles of gait encoding in the subthalamic nucleus of people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Thenaisie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.06.007","article-title":"Beta burst coupling across the motor circuit in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"117","author":"Tinkhauser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx252","article-title":"Beta burst dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease OFF and ON dopaminergic medication","volume":"140","author":"Tinkhauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.008","article-title":"A note on the phase locking value and its properties","volume":"74","author":"Aydore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2007.896142","article-title":"Statistical analysis of the phase-locking value","volume":"14","author":"Celka","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.002","article-title":"Neural synchrony and the development of cortical networks","volume":"14","author":"Uhlhaas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.09.003","article-title":"New insights into the relationship between dopamine, beta oscillations and motor function","volume":"34","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.08.011","article-title":"The effects of levodopa and ongoing deep brain stimulation on subthalamic beta oscillations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"226","author":"Giannicola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106689","article-title":"Low-beta versus high-beta band cortico-subcortical coherence in movement inhibition and expectation","volume":"201","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0360-7","article-title":"Impact of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on the initiation of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"172","author":"Crenna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.033","article-title":"In Parkinson\u2019s disease STN stimulation enhances responsiveness of movement initiation speed to high reward value","volume":"89","author":"Kojovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.11.072","article-title":"Neural coupling between upper and lower limb muscles in Parkinsonian gait","volume":"134","author":"Weersink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8905","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1314-18.2018","article-title":"Modulation of beta bursts in the subthalamic nucleus predicts motor performance","volume":"38","author":"Torrecillos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60979","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60979","article-title":"Subthalamic beta-targeted neurofeedback speeds up movement initiation but increases tremor in parkinsonian patients","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.03.013","article-title":"Beta bursts during continuous movements accompany the velocity decrement in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"127","author":"Lofredi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0135069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135069","article-title":"The assessment of muscular effort, fatigue, and physiological adaptation using EMG and wavelet analysis","volume":"10","author":"Graham","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.159772","article-title":"Towards an understanding of fatigue in Parkinson disease","volume":"80","author":"Hagell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.0033","article-title":"Compensation strategies for gait impairments in Parkinson disease","volume":"76","author":"Nonnekes","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00433","article-title":"Running economy from a muscle energetics perspective","volume":"8","author":"Fletcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026070619574210900_awaf464-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0487-y","article-title":"Altered muscle activation patterns (AMAP): An analytical tool to compare muscle activity patterns of hemiparetic gait with a normative profile","volume":"16","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehab"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awaf464\/65875862\/awaf464.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/149\/7\/2409\/65875862\/awaf464.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/149\/7\/2409\/65875862\/awaf464.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:57:54Z","timestamp":1783382274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/149\/7\/2409\/8379257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaf464","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]}}}