{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:15:06Z","timestamp":1789514106922,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Parkinson Association"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SNF 32003BL_197709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNF 32003BL_197709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022222","name":"Parkinson Schweiz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022222","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005688","name":"Gottfried und Julia Bangerter-Rhyner-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Academy of Engineering and Rosetrees Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Movement-related gamma activity (&amp;gt;\u200560\u2005Hz) in cortico-basal ganglia networks reflects pro-kinetic synchronization dynamics. While in the cortex these temporal dynamics are known to unfold spatially across topographically distributed networks, it remains unclear whether a similar spatial propagation occurs within the basal ganglia, and how such spatial encoding may contribute to both physiological and disease-related mechanisms. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a key integrative hub for motor processing within the basal ganglia-cortical circuitry. At rest, STN activity is topographically distributed according to its spectral frequency components.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To assess whether this spectral topography is dynamic and underlies movement encoding, we dissected the spatiotemporal properties of STN local field potentials recorded intraoperatively at rest and during movement across 63 hemispheres from patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Using multi-contact deep brain stimulation leads, we captured high-resolution anatomical signal dynamics and contrasted a broad frequency spectrum (60\u2013400\u2005Hz), including high-gamma, fast-gamma, slow high-frequency oscillations and fast high-frequency oscillations. Moreover, we compared these signals to upper limb muscle activity and movement-related beta desynchronization, and examined their association with clinical impairment and levodopa responsiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>All sub-bands exhibited significant movement-related synchronization in both the contralateral and ipsilateral STN, however, with distinct magnitude and temporal dynamics. The presence and degree of temporal locking to muscle activity and inverse relationship to movement-related beta desynchronization also varied by sub-band. Importantly, each sub-band exhibited spatially segregated hotspots located within the STN that propagate primarily along the inferior-superior axis, yet in band-specific directions. This spatial propagation evolved throughout the movement period but temporally decoupled from synchronization magnitude, indicating that spatial dynamics reflect a distinct property relevant for motor encoding. Notably, propagation of frequencies above 110\u2005Hz inversely correlated with dopamine-related motor improvement, suggesting that exaggerated spatial dynamics may reflect compensatory mechanisms secondary to neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>These findings demonstrated that synchronization within the basal ganglia is not a spatially static phenomenon but rather unfolds in space which expands on the current understanding of the basal ganglia mechanism. Propagation of movement-related activity may serve as a potential marker for motor impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease, opening new avenues for spectro-behavioural research and spatially informed neuromodulation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awag019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T12:29:51Z","timestamp":1768652991000},"page":"1522-1536","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spatial propagation of movement-related basal ganglia activity predicts parkinsonian motor state"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9738-1281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Averna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern , Bern CH-3010 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CH-1011 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Pollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern , Bern CH-3010 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Krack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern , Bern CH-3010 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagai","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences , Jerusalem 9190401 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Duchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience and MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"Tinkhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern , Bern CH-3010 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050508324486600_awag019-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0009-21.2021","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0009-21.2021","article-title":"Mechanisms of network interactions for flexible cortico-basal ganglia-mediated action 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