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Phase\u2013amplitude coupling (PAC), a type of cross-frequency coupling in which the amplitude of a faster brain oscillation is coupled to the phase of a slower brain oscillation, is implicated in various higher-order cognitive functions and was shown to be altered pathologically in neurological and psychiatric disease. In Parkinson\u2019s disease, the coupling between gamma amplitude (50\u2013150\u2005Hz) and beta phase (13\u201335\u2005Hz) is exaggerated. Enhanced \u03b2\u2013\u03b3 PAC was found in the subthalamic nucleus and various cortical sources and shown to be responsive to dopaminergic therapy and deep brain stimulation. Therefore, exaggerated \u03b2\u2013\u03b3 PAC has been proposed to be a disease marker and a potential target for brain circuit interventions. Despite these promising findings, a significant knowledge gap remains, because the spatial and frequency-specific dynamics of \u03b2\u2013\u03b3 PAC and its association with motor symptoms and therapy remain elusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To address this knowledge gap, we used high-density EEG with source-localization techniques for patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease at rest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We highlight three key findings: (i) a frequency-specific increase in high \u03b2 (23\u201335\u2005Hz)\u2013\u03b3 PAC within and between sources of the cortical motor network; (ii) a link between elevated high \u03b2\u2013\u03b3 PAC and bradykinesia and rigidity when OFF medication, but not tremor; and (iii) a medication-induced reduction in high \u03b2\u2013\u03b3 PAC in the supplementary motor area correlating with clinical improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Altogether, this study provides new insights into the pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease as an oscillopathy and identifies high \u03b2\u2013\u03b3 PAC as a potential marker of parkinsonian symptoms and treatment effects. This has important implications for both invasive and non-invasive therapeutic strategies, because high \u03b2\u2013\u03b3 PAC targeting might hold greater promise than targeting \u03b2\u2013\u03b3 PAC per se.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awag118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:32:09Z","timestamp":1774956729000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Frequency-specific and spatiotemporal dynamics of \u03b2\u2013\u03b3 phase\u2013amplitude coupling in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5279-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp A","family":"Loehrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 9DU ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg , Marburg 35037 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