{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:51:32Z","timestamp":1791161492539,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merridew Foundation PhD Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1088242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1088242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1030897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1030897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Merridew Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Monocyte-derived cells (MCs) are highly adaptable innate immune cells that play essential roles in CNS inflammation. Their functional specialization is closely linked to their metabolic state, which is shaped by local cues such as nutrient availability, oxygen levels and pro- and anti-inflammatory signals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this review, we examine the major metabolic pathways that regulate MC behaviour, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. We assess how these pathways support specific effector functions such as cytokine production, phagocytosis, antigen presentation and efferocytosis. Moving beyond the traditional pro-\/anti-inflammatory (M1\/M2) framework, we discuss the context-dependent nature of MC metabolism and its role in driving diverse functional states. We then explore how these metabolic programmes are engaged across key CNS disease settings, including sterile injury, demyelinating disease and viral encephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>By integrating insights from immunometabolism and neuroinflammation, this review provides a framework for understanding the metabolic regulation of MCs in CNS pathology and highlights potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awag149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:50:49Z","timestamp":1777377049000},"page":"3325-3346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic metabolic programming of monocyte-derived cells defines immunity in CNS disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4299-159X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire L","family":"Wishart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1359-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2747 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Nepean Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Sydney, NSW 2747 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3877-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J C","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03296-0","article-title":"Fueling neurodegeneration: Metabolic insights into microglia functions","volume":"21","author":"Sadeghdoust","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00493","article-title":"Metabolic reprograming of microglia in the regulation of the innate inflammatory response","volume":"11","author":"Lauro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00246","article-title":"Microglia gone awry: Linking immunometabolism to neurodegeneration","volume":"14","author":"Afridi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113310","article-title":"Microglia and macrophage metabolism in CNS injury and disease: The role of immunometabolism in neurodegeneration and neurotrauma","volume":"329","author":"Devanney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02384-2","article-title":"Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: Integrating phenotype and function","volume":"143","author":"Spiteri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008","article-title":"Macrophage activation and polarization: Nomenclature and experimental guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.006","article-title":"Transcriptome-based network analysis reveals a spectrum model of human macrophage activation","volume":"40","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901698","article-title":"Substrate fate in activated macrophages: A comparison between innate, classic, and alternative activation","volume":"185","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Prados","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.06.001","article-title":"Specific and complex reprogramming of cellular metabolism in myeloid cells during innate immune responses","volume":"26","author":"Stienstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B11","article-title":"Microbial stimulation of different toll-like receptor signalling pathways induces diverse metabolic programmes in human monocytes","volume":"2","author":"Lachmandas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41353-z","article-title":"Metabolic heterogeneity of tissue-resident macrophages in homeostasis and during helminth infection","volume":"14","author":"Heieis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3712","article-title":"Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: A unified nomenclature based on ontogeny","volume":"14","author":"Guilliams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B14","first-page":"651","article-title":"Mononuclear phagocytic system: New classification of macrophages, monocytes and of their cell line","volume":"47","author":"Van Furth","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2638","article-title":"Origin of monocytes and macrophages in a committed progenitor","volume":"14","author":"Hettinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.10.021","article-title":"Granulocyte-monocyte progenitors and monocyte-dendritic cell progenitors independently produce functionally distinct monocytes","volume":"47","author":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5645","article-title":"Kruppel-like factor 4 is essential for inflammatory monocyte differentiation in vivo","volume":"180","author":"Alder","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00949.x","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the PU.1 gene results in multiple hematopoietic abnormalities","volume":"15","author":"McKercher","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-437863","article-title":"Essential role of the IRF8-KLF4 transcription factor cascade in murine monocyte differentiation","volume":"121","author":"Kurotaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601824","article-title":"The Kruppel-like factor KLF4 is a critical regulator of monocyte differentiation","volume":"26","author":"Feinberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12026","article-title":"M-CSF instructs myeloid lineage fate in single haematopoietic stem cells","volume":"497","author":"Mossadegh-Keller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.1.111","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the mouse colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor gene results in osteopetrosis, mononuclear phagocyte deficiency, increased primitive progenitor cell frequencies, and reproductive defects","volume":"99","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-266296","article-title":"An antibody against the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor depletes the resident subset of monocytes and tissue-and tumor-associated macrophages but does not inhibit inflammation","volume":"116","author":"MacDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3874","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.8.3874","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces synthesis of mouse colony-stimulating factor-1 in vivo","volume":"158","author":"Roth","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161855","article-title":"Critical roles of mTORC1 signaling and metabolic reprogramming for M-CSF\u2013mediated myelopoiesis","volume":"214","author":"Karmaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.03.029","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophages promote myelopoiesis and monocytosis in obesity","volume":"19","author":"Nagareddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V74.7.2527.2527","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel monocyte subpopulation in human peripheral blood","volume":"74","author":"Passlick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00174-2","article-title":"Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties","volume":"19","author":"Geissmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.9.1361","article-title":"Inflammatory chemokine transport and presentation in HEV: A remote control mechanism for monocyte recruitment to lymph nodes in inflamed tissues","volume":"194","author":"Palframan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.007","article-title":"Minimal differentiation of classical monocytes as they survey steady-state tissues and transport antigen to lymph nodes","volume":"39","author":"Jakubzick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01117","article-title":"Revising CX3CR1 expression on murine classical and non-classical monocytes","volume":"11","author":"Meghraoui-Kheddar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-235028","article-title":"Comparison of gene expression profiles between human and mouse monocyte subsets","volume":"115","author":"Ingersoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.001","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"Yona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0216-2","article-title":"Experimental severe malaria is resolved by targeting newly-identified monocyte subsets using immune-modifying particles combined with artesunate","volume":"1","author":"Niewold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun Biol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32849-1","article-title":"Distinct metabolic states guide maturation of inflammatory and tolerogenic dendritic cells","volume":"13","author":"Adamik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151596","article-title":"Targeting fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation impairs monocyte differentiation and prolongs heart allograft survival","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.3.670","article-title":"Identification of interferon-gamma as the lymphokine that activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity","volume":"158","author":"Nathan","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7884","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.522037","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages: Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)-mediated glucose metabolism drives a proinflammatory phenotype","volume":"289","author":"Freemerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.005","article-title":"Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates Hif-1\u03b1 activity and IL-1\u03b2 induction and is a critical determinant of the Warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages","volume":"21","author":"Palsson-McDermott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.03.001","article-title":"Macrophage immunometabolism: Where are we (going)?","volume":"38","author":"Van den Bossche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01462","article-title":"The metabolic signature of macrophage responses","volume":"10","author":"Viola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6166","article-title":"M-1\/M-2 macrophages and the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"164","author":"Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.1.287","article-title":"Interleukin 4 potently enhances murine macrophage mannose receptor activity: A marker of alternative immunologic macrophage activation","volume":"176","author":"Stein","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1094","article-title":"Arginase induction by suppressors of nitric oxide synthesis (IL-4, IL-10 and PGE2) in murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages","volume":"206","author":"Corraliza","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2956","article-title":"Cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis is essential for alternative activation of macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.08.012","article-title":"Glycolytic stimulation is not a requirement for M2 macrophage differentiation","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.11.015","article-title":"Targeting 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase integrates cholesterol metabolism and IRF3 activation to eliminate infection","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.03.006","article-title":"Serine metabolism antagonizes antiviral innate immunity by preventing ATP6V0d2-mediated YAP lysosomal degradation","volume":"33","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600474","article-title":"PFKFB3-driven macrophage glycolytic metabolism is a crucial component of innate antiviral defense","volume":"197","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106017118","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 is a negative regulator of interferon regulatory factors: Implications for interferon production by hypoxic monocytes","volume":"118","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501557","article-title":"Cutting edge: Critical role of glycolysis in human plasmacytoid dendritic cell antiviral responses","volume":"196","author":"Bajwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.11.001","article-title":"O-GlcNAc transferase links glucose metabolism to MAVS-mediated antiviral innate immunity","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0210-0","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of itaconate and its derivatives reveals divergent inflammasome and type I interferon regulation in macrophages","volume":"2","author":"Swain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.005","article-title":"Network integration of parallel metabolic and transcriptional data reveals metabolic modules that regulate macrophage polarization","volume":"42","author":"Jha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20111275","article-title":"The mitochondrial citrate carrier: A new player in inflammation","volume":"438","author":"Infantino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11986","article-title":"Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1\u03b2 through HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"496","author":"Tannahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq1984","article-title":"Macrophage acetyl-CoA carboxylase regulates acute inflammation through control of glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Yeudall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.064","article-title":"Succinate dehydrogenase supports metabolic repurposing of mitochondria to drive inflammatory macrophages","volume":"167","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2022","article-title":"Fatty acid\u2013induced NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation interferes with insulin signaling","volume":"12","author":"Wen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.04.002","article-title":"Cytokine-like roles for metabolites in immunity","volume":"78","author":"Zas\u0142ona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.06.018","article-title":"Immunoresponsive gene 1 augments bactericidal activity of macrophage-lineage cells by regulating \u03b2-oxidation-dependent mitochondrial ROS production","volume":"18","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-55651-0_1","volume-title":"Innovative medicine: Basic research and development","author":"Mullarky","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2833","article-title":"TLR-driven early glycolytic reprogramming via the kinases TBK1-IKK\u025b supports the anabolic demands of dendritic cell activation","volume":"15","author":"Everts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813458115","article-title":"SREBP-1a\u2013stimulated lipid synthesis is required for macrophage phagocytosis downstream of TLR4-directed mTORC1","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.06.003","article-title":"Dendritic cell populations with different concentrations of lipid regulate tolerance and immunity in mouse and human liver","volume":"143","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-017-0151-x","article-title":"Higher phagocytic activity of thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages is related to metabolic status of the cells","volume":"14","author":"Pavlou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Inflamm (Lond)"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0735-5","article-title":"Efferocytosis induces a novel SLC program to promote glucose uptake and lactate release","volume":"563","author":"Morioka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.01.001","article-title":"Macrophage metabolism of apoptotic cell-derived arginine promotes continual efferocytosis and resolution of injury","volume":"31","author":"Yurdagul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.12.004","article-title":"Efferocytosis fuels requirements of fatty acid oxidation and the electron transport chain to polarize macrophages for tissue repair","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117736109","article-title":"Tolerance to apoptotic cells is regulated by indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase","volume":"109","author":"Ravishankar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.06.018","article-title":"Apoptotic cells promote their own clearance and immune tolerance through activation of the nuclear receptor LXR","volume":"31","author":"A-Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504276112","article-title":"The amino acid sensor GCN2 inhibits inflammatory responses to apoptotic cells promoting tolerance and suppressing systemic autoimmunity","volume":"112","author":"Ravishankar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10340","article-title":"Continued clearance of apoptotic cells critically depends on the phagocyte Ucp2 protein","volume":"477","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.12.005","article-title":"Metabolic adaptation supports enhanced macrophage efferocytosis in limited-oxygen environments","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.797091","article-title":"Pentose phosphate pathway regulates tolerogenic apoptotic cell clearance and immune tolerance","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111065","article-title":"Multiomics reveal the central role of pentose phosphate pathway in resident thymic macrophages to cope with efferocytosis-associated stress","volume":"40","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502490","article-title":"Highly dynamic transcriptional signature of distinct macrophage subsets during sterile inflammation, resolution, and tissue repair","volume":"196","author":"Varga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0356-7","article-title":"Dynamic changes to lipid mediators support transitions among macrophage subtypes during muscle regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Giannakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.09.010","article-title":"IL-33-induced metabolic reprogramming controls the differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages and the resolution of inflammation","volume":"54","author":"Faas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11635","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1-PDK1 axis-induced active glycolysis plays an essential role in macrophage migratory capacity","volume":"7","author":"Semba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124012","article-title":"Enhanced glycolytic metabolism supports transmigration of brain-infiltrating macrophages in multiple sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Kaushik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.09.013","article-title":"Immunometabolism in the single-cell era","volume":"32","author":"Artyomov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.11.009","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling rewires macrophage metabolism and promotes histone acetylation via ATP-citrate lyase","volume":"51","author":"Lauterbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14433-7","article-title":"Nitric oxide orchestrates metabolic rewiring in M1 macrophages by targeting aconitase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase","volume":"11","author":"Palmieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7820","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218599110","article-title":"Immune-responsive gene 1 protein links metabolism to immunity by catalyzing itaconic acid production","volume":"110","author":"Michelucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16386","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2070889","article-title":"Itaconic acid is a mammalian metabolite induced during macrophage activation","volume":"133","author":"Strelko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.004","article-title":"Itaconate links inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase with macrophage metabolic remodeling and regulation of inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Lampropoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25986","article-title":"Itaconate is an anti-inflammatory metabolite that activates Nrf2 via alkylation of KEAP1","volume":"556","author":"Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0052-z","article-title":"Electrophilic properties of itaconate and derivatives regulate the I\u03baB\u03b6\u2013ATF3 inflammatory axis","volume":"556","author":"Bambouskova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103827","article-title":"Nrf2 activation reprograms macrophage intermediary metabolism and suppresses the type I interferon response","volume":"25","author":"Ryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2014.07.013","article-title":"A key role of the mitochondrial citrate carrier (SLC25A1) in TNF\u03b1- and IFN\u03b3-triggered inflammation","volume":"1839","author":"Infantino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2009.01.003","article-title":"Regulation of glucose metabolism by 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase\/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases in cancer","volume":"86","author":"Yalcin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)73938-6","article-title":"The mechanism of tricarboxylic acid cycle regulation of fatty acid synthesis","volume":"237","author":"Martin","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1657","article-title":"Triggering the succinate receptor GPR91 on dendritic cells enhances immunity","volume":"9","author":"Rubic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13909","article-title":"Ischaemic accumulation of succinate controls reperfusion injury through mitochondrial ROS","volume":"515","author":"Chouchani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.01.020","article-title":"Macrophage-derived extracellular succinate licenses neural stem cells to suppress chronic neuroinflammation","volume":"22","author":"Peruzzotti-Jametti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.064","article-title":"Repurposing mitochondria from ATP production to ROS generation drives a pro-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages that depends on succinate oxidation by complex II","volume":"167","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01224-x","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory macrophages produce mitochondria-derived superoxide by reverse electron transport at complex I that regulates IL-1\u03b2 release during NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"7","author":"Casey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07167-9","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex I activity in microglia sustains neuroinflammation","volume":"628","author":"Peruzzotti-Jametti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.70","article-title":"A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.007","article-title":"Class IIa histone deacetylases drive toll-like receptor-inducible glycolysis and macrophage inflammatory responses via pyruvate kinase M2","volume":"30","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150900","article-title":"The glycolytic enzyme PKM2 bridges metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction in coronary artery disease","volume":"213","author":"Shirai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9029327","article-title":"HIF1\u03b1-induced glycolysis metabolism is essential to the activation of inflammatory macrophages","volume":"2017","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00587-8","article-title":"The effect of HIF on metabolism and immunity","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06905","article-title":"NF-\u03baB links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through transcriptional regulation of HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"453","author":"Rius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08187-6","article-title":"Malonylation of GAPDH is an inflammatory signal in macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Galv\u00e1n-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60073-2","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency","volume":"371","author":"Cappellini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00863-2","article-title":"The pentose phosphate pathway in health and disease","volume":"5","author":"TeSlaa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.103","article-title":"Regulation of immunity and inflammation by hypoxia in immunological niches","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.01.012","article-title":"HIF-1 mediates adaptation to hypoxia by actively downregulating mitochondrial oxygen consumption","volume":"3","author":"Papandreou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.02.002","article-title":"HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: A metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10602","article-title":"Reductive glutamine metabolism by IDH1 mediates lipogenesis under hypoxia","volume":"481","author":"Metallo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117773108","article-title":"Hypoxia promotes isocitrate dehydrogenase-dependent carboxylation of \u03b1-ketoglutarate to citrate to support cell growth and viability","volume":"108","author":"Wise","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5507","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-0705","article-title":"The SIRT1\/HIF2\u03b1 axis drives reductive glutamine metabolism under chronic acidosis and alters tumor response to therapy","volume":"74","author":"Corbet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.020","article-title":"A variant of SLC1A5 is a mitochondrial glutamine transporter for metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells","volume":"31","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8460","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168460","article-title":"The immunometabolic roles of various fatty acids in macrophages and lymphocytes","volume":"22","author":"Rosa Neto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048944","article-title":"Fa (c) t checking: How fatty acids shape metabolism and function of macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"51","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.04.057","article-title":"It is all about fluidity: Fatty acids and macrophage phagocytosis","volume":"785","author":"Schumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20117","article-title":"Fatty acid synthesis configures the plasma membrane for inflammation in diabetes","volume":"539","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.09.037","article-title":"ATP-citrate lyase is essential for macrophage inflammatory response","volume":"440","author":"Infantino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.05.003","article-title":"Toll-like receptors induce signal-specific reprogramming of the macrophage lipidome","volume":"32","author":"Hsieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay8085","article-title":"Mammalian lipid droplets are innate immune hubs integrating cell metabolism and host defense","volume":"370","author":"Bosch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8500","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.12.8500","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1\/CC chemokine ligand 2 controls microtubule-driven biogenesis and leukotriene B4-synthesizing function of macrophage lipid bodies elicited by innate immune response","volume":"179","author":"Pacheco","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115310","article-title":"Lipid droplet efferocytosis attenuates proinflammatory signaling in macrophages via TREM2-and MS4A7-dependent mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210227","article-title":"TREM2-dependent lipid droplet biogenesis in phagocytes is required for remyelination","volume":"218","author":"Gouna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00354-3","article-title":"Trem2 promotes foamy macrophage lipid uptake and survival in atherosclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Patterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.049","article-title":"TREM2 lipid sensing sustains the microglial response in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3796","article-title":"\u03b1-ketoglutarate orchestrates macrophage activation through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.323","article-title":"Nitric oxide and macrophage function","volume":"15","author":"MacMicking","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15881","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010030200","article-title":"Sustained nitric oxide production in macrophages requires the arginine transporter CAT2","volume":"276","author":"Nicholson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit062","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide contributes to viral pathogenesis following highly pathogenic influenza virus infection in mice","volume":"207","author":"Perrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-246","article-title":"Targeted blockade in lethal West Nile virus encephalitis indicates a crucial role for very late antigen (VLA)-4-dependent recruitment of nitric oxide-producing macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Getts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15715","article-title":"More than just protein building blocks: How amino acids and related metabolic pathways fuel macrophage polarization","volume":"288","author":"Kieler","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.68","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and dendritic cells in innate immunity","volume":"25","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242572","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: From catalyst to signaling function","volume":"42","author":"Fallarino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0229-7","article-title":"IDO expression in the brain: A double-edged sword","volume":"85","author":"Kwidzinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1011532","article-title":"Flavivirus infection induces indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in human monocyte-derived macrophages via tumor necrosis factor and NF-\u03baB","volume":"91","author":"Yeung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.02.005","article-title":"The role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in immune tolerance: Focus on macrophage polarization of THP-1 cells","volume":"289","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1179\/135100099101534927","article-title":"Redox reactions related to indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36645-0","article-title":"Nitric oxide inhibits indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activity in interferon-gamma primed mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"269","author":"Thomas","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20140392","article-title":"Role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in health and disease","volume":"129","author":"Yeung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.01.004","article-title":"Molecules in focus: Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase","volume":"39","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01430-3","article-title":"CD40 signal rewires fatty acid and glutamine metabolism for stimulating macrophage anti-tumorigenic functions","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.01.014","article-title":"Serine metabolism supports macrophage IL-1\u03b2 production","volume":"29","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90086-w","article-title":"Macrophages rely on extracellular serine to suppress aberrant cytokine production","volume":"11","author":"Kurita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00925-7","article-title":"Serine metabolism orchestrates macrophage polarization by regulating the IGF1\u2013p38 axis","volume":"19","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2024.2437272","article-title":"Homocysteine affects macrophage polarization by altering m6A methylation of scavenger receptors CD209 and CD163L1","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12560","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160612560","article-title":"Homocysteine triggers inflammatory responses in macrophages through inhibiting CSE-H2S signaling via DNA hypermethylation of CSE promoter","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061356","article-title":"Glycine metabolism and its alterations in obesity and metabolic diseases","volume":"11","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116683","article-title":"Macrophage glycine transporter supports IL-1\u03b2 production by modulating the AKT1\/mTOR\/NLRP3 pathway","volume":"45","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.3.563","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of glycine on LPS-treated monocytes: Reduced TNF-\u03b1 production and accelerated IL-10 expression","volume":"13","author":"Spittler","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649503","article-title":"Global burden of stroke","volume":"38","author":"Katan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7533","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: Pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00282","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury: An overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00002727-200011000-00002","article-title":"Mechanisms of traumatic brain injury: Biomechanical, structural and cellular considerations","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Q."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000259709.16654.8f","article-title":"Absence of the chemokine receptor CCR2 protects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"38","author":"Dimitrijevic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1795-6","article-title":"Distinguishing features of microglia-and monocyte-derived macrophages after stroke","volume":"135","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109727","article-title":"CCR2 deficiency alters activation of microglia subsets in traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Somebang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.22191","article-title":"CCR2 downregulation attenuates spinal cord injury by suppressing inflammatory monocytes","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0223-3","article-title":"The benefits of neuroinflammation for the repair of the injured central nervous system","volume":"16","author":"Yong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab250","article-title":"Macrophage phagocytosis after spinal cord injury: When friends become foes","volume":"144","author":"Van Broeckhoven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.772205","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes accelerate functional recovery after spinal cord injury by promoting the phagocytosis of macrophages to clean myelin debris","volume":"9","author":"Sheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24114","article-title":"Myelin as an inflammatory mediator: Myelin interactions with complement, macrophages, and microglia in spinal cord injury","volume":"96","author":"Kopper","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105608","article-title":"Myelin and non-myelin debris contribute to foamy macrophage formation after spinal cord injury","volume":"163","author":"Ryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20191660","article-title":"Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 impairs the reparative properties of macrophages and microglia in the brain","volume":"217","author":"Bogie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.12.045","article-title":"Macrophage activation and its role in repair and pathology after spinal cord injury","volume":"1619","author":"Gensel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2751-16.2017","article-title":"Macrophage transcriptional profile identifies lipid catabolic pathways that can be therapeutically targeted after spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18339","article-title":"Time-resolved single-cell RNAseq profiling identifies a novel Fabp5+ subpopulation of inflammatory myeloid cells with delayed cytotoxic profile in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Hamel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114909","article-title":"Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals molecular changes associated with chronic lipid accumulation following contusive spinal cord injury","volume":"380","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0933-21.2021","article-title":"Repeated administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (HP\u03b2CD) attenuates the chronic inflammatory response to experimental stroke","volume":"42","author":"Becktel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0076-18.2018","article-title":"Liquefaction of the brain following stroke shares a similar molecular and morphological profile with atherosclerosis and mediates secondary neurodegeneration in an osteopontin-dependent mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.011","article-title":"Neurotoxic lipid peroxidation species formed by ischemic stroke increase injury","volume":"47","author":"Zeiger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1836","article-title":"CD36 ligands promote sterile inflammation through assembly of a toll-like receptor 4 and 6 heterodimer","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28593-1","article-title":"Stroke induces disease-specific myeloid cells in the brain parenchyma and pia","volume":"13","author":"Beuker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00736-8","article-title":"PFKFB2-mediated glycolysis promotes lactate-driven continual efferocytosis by macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Schilperoort","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00471-y","article-title":"Non-canonical glutamine transamination sustains efferocytosis by coupling redox buffering to oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"3","author":"Merlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221472","article-title":"Phagocytosis increases an oxidative metabolic and immune suppressive signature in tumor macrophages","volume":"220","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.05.008","article-title":"Polarizing macrophages through reprogramming of glucose metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Blagih","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-155","article-title":"Cellular and temporal expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) isotypes after brain injury","volume":"10","author":"Cooney","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2014.927578","article-title":"Characterization of the expression and inflammatory activity of NADPH oxidase after spinal cord injury","volume":"48","author":"Cooney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic Res."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.029","article-title":"Age increases reactive oxygen species production in macrophages and potentiates oxidative damage after spinal cord injury","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.11.013","article-title":"Reducing age-dependent monocyte-derived macrophage activation contributes to the therapeutic efficacy of NADPH oxidase inhibition in spinal cord injury","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B184","article-title":"Critical role of NADPH oxidase in neuronal oxidative damage and microglia activation following traumatic brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0843-4","article-title":"NOX2 deficiency alters macrophage phenotype through an IL-10\/STAT3 dependent mechanism: Implications for traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Barrett","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00414","article-title":"Fractalkine modulates microglia metabolism in brain ischemia","volume":"13","author":"Lauro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14267","article-title":"Hexokinase 2-dependent hyperglycolysis driving microglial activation contributes to ischemic brain injury","volume":"144","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0850-z","article-title":"Regulation of microglial TMEM119 and P2RY12 immunoreactivity in multiple sclerosis white and grey matter lesions is dependent on their inflammatory environment","volume":"7","author":"van Wageningen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.11.005","article-title":"Microglia in central nervous system inflammation and multiple sclerosis pathology","volume":"25","author":"Voet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871","article-title":"Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Dendrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm236","article-title":"Lesion genesis in a subset of patients with multiple sclerosis: A role for innate immunity?","volume":"130","author":"Marik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21799","article-title":"Substantial early, but nonprogressive neuronal loss in multiple sclerosis (MS) spinal cord","volume":"66","author":"Schirmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2123265119","article-title":"Blood-based untargeted metabolomics in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis revealed the testable therapeutic target","volume":"119","author":"Zahoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.603589","article-title":"The monocarboxylate transporter 4 is required for glycolytic reprogramming and inflammatory response in macrophages","volume":"290","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22667","article-title":"Cellular distribution of glucose and monocarboxylate transporters in human brain white matter and multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"62","author":"Nijland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1678-1","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of gene expression by histone lactylation","volume":"574","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250684","article-title":"mTOR-and HIF-1\u03b1\u2013mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity","volume":"345","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06409-6","article-title":"Lactate limits CNS autoimmunity by stabilizing HIF-1\u03b1 in dendritic cells","volume":"620","author":"Sanmarco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2009.035","article-title":"Central nervous system: Cholesterol turnover, brain development and neurodegeneration","volume":"390","author":"Dietschy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13272","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710493114","article-title":"Loss of APOBEC1 RNA-editing function in microglia exacerbates age-related CNS pathophysiology","volume":"114","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21428-5","article-title":"Loss of NPC1 enhances phagocytic uptake and impairs lipid trafficking in microglia","volume":"12","author":"Colombo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00757-6","article-title":"Microglia facilitate repair of demyelinated lesions via post-squalene sterol synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Berghoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.01.001","article-title":"Local cholesterol metabolism orchestrates remyelination","volume":"45","author":"Berghoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9329","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239329","article-title":"Altered PPAR\u03b3 expression promotes myelin-induced foam cell formation in macrophages in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Wouters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-023-00345-9","article-title":"Myeloid cell-associated aromatic amino acid metabolism facilitates CNS myelin regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Regen Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww254","article-title":"IL4I1 augments CNS remyelination and axonal protection by modulating T cell driven inflammation","volume":"139","author":"Psachoulia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109898","article-title":"Proteomic and lipidomic profiling of demyelinating lesions identifies fatty acids as modulators in lesion recovery","volume":"37","author":"Penkert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01899-x","article-title":"CD36-mediated uptake of myelin debris by macrophages and microglia reduces neuroinflammation","volume":"17","author":"Grajchen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412236","article-title":"High fat low carbohydrate diet is linked to CNS autoimmunity protection","volume":"12","author":"Ni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080421","article-title":"Ly6c+ \u201cinflammatory monocytes\u201d are microglial precursors recruited in a pathogenic manner in West Nile virus encephalitis","volume":"205","author":"Getts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00080.x","article-title":"Systemic distribution of West Nile virus infection: Postmortem immunohistochemical study of six cases","volume":"17","author":"Armah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00477.x","article-title":"Fatal fulminant pan-meningo-polioencephalitis due to West Nile virus","volume":"13","author":"Omalu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1053\/hp.2000.8047","article-title":"The pathology of human West Nile virus infection","volume":"31","author":"Sampson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219ra7","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007563","article-title":"Therapeutic inflammatory monocyte modulation using immune-modifying microparticles","volume":"6","author":"Getts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04798.x","article-title":"Role of IFN-\u03b3 in an experimental murine model of West Nile virus-induced seizures","volume":"103","author":"Getts","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000365972","article-title":"Defective inflammatory monocyte development in IRF8-deficient mice abrogates migration to the West Nile virus-infected brain","volume":"7","author":"Terry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Innate Immun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01547-4","article-title":"Temporal tracking of microglial and monocyte single-cell transcriptomics in lethal flavivirus infection","volume":"11","author":"Spiteri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202505844","article-title":"Metabolic programming drives protective and inflammatory monocyte fates in viral encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Wishart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.001","article-title":"The heterogeneity of Ly6Chi monocytes controls their differentiation into iNOS+ macrophages or monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"45","author":"Menezes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.022","article-title":"Dietary fiber confers protection against flu by shaping Ly6c\u2212 patrolling monocyte hematopoiesis and CD8+ T cell metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Trompette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.784486","article-title":"Impact of dietary fiber on West Nile virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.006","article-title":"Host-viral infection maps reveal signatures of severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"181","author":"Bost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.04.021","article-title":"Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.07.007","article-title":"Elevated glucose levels favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and monocyte response through a HIF-1\u03b1\/glycolysis-dependent axis","volume":"32","author":"Codo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.20328","article-title":"The potential of nitric oxide releasing therapies as antimicrobial agents","volume":"3","author":"Schairer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.07.012","article-title":"Sustained generation of nitric oxide and control of mycobacterial infection requires argininosuccinate synthase 1","volume":"12","author":"Qualls","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.004","article-title":"The transcription factor STAT-1 couples macrophage synthesis of 25-hydroxycholesterol to the interferon antiviral response","volume":"38","author":"Blanc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.045","article-title":"Limiting cholesterol biosynthetic flux spontaneously engages type I IFN signaling","volume":"163","author":"York","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254790","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol suppresses interleukin-1\u2013driven inflammation downstream of type I interferon","volume":"345","author":"Reboldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.029","article-title":"Oxysterol restraint of cholesterol synthesis prevents AIM2 inflammasome activation","volume":"171","author":"Dang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00388","article-title":"The role of host cholesterol during flavivirus infection","volume":"8","author":"Osuna-Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100012","article-title":"Immunopathology of flavivirus infections","volume":"85","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65109","article-title":"Mitochondrial respiration contributes to the interferon gamma response in antigen-presenting cells","volume":"10","author":"Kiritsy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.8.6.519","article-title":"The metabolism of tumors in the body","volume":"8","author":"Warburg","year":"1927","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B236","article-title":"Metabolic reprograming in macrophage polarization","volume":"5","author":"Galv\u00e1n-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212813120","article-title":"HDAC7 is an immunometabolic switch triaging danger signals for engagement of antimicrobial versus inflammatory responses in macrophages","volume":"120","author":"Das Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.026","article-title":"Opposing effects of fasting metabolism on tissue tolerance in bacterial and viral inflammation","volume":"166","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01768-7","article-title":"Dimethyl itaconate, an itaconate derivative, exhibits immunomodulatory effects on neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"17","author":"Kuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31147","article-title":"Immune-responsive gene 1\/itaconate activates nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2013related factor 2 in hepatocytes to protect against liver ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury","volume":"72","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091255","article-title":"Itaconate attenuates neuroinflammation and exerts dopamine neuroprotection in Parkinson\u2019s disease through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1095-7","article-title":"Enhanced glycolysis contributes to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune neuritis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4665","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate targets GAPDH and aerobic glycolysis to modulate immunity","volume":"360","author":"Kornberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72151","article-title":"Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 mediates dimethyl fumarate\u2019s protective effect in EAE","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2026100419575546000_awag149-B245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052235","article-title":"Metabolite-sensing G protein\u2013coupled receptors\u2014Facilitators of diet-related immune regulation","volume":"35","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol."}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awag149\/68184202\/awag149.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/149\/10\/3325\/68184202\/awag149.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/149\/10\/3325\/68184202\/awag149.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:58:36Z","timestamp":1791158316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/149\/10\/3325\/8664583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":245,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awag149","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}