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Whether these findings represent underlying familial vulnerabilities (i.e. shared genetic and environmental factors) or are the result of acquired non-shared environmental influences, such as chronic stress or lifestyle factors, is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Using a unique sample of monozygotic twin pairs discordant for lifetime OCD diagnoses (14 pairs, 28 twins) and resting-state functional MRI, we examined the contribution of non-shared environmental influences to CSTC functional connectivity while strictly controlling for shared genetic and environmental factors. Further, we examined familial vulnerability effects by comparing the unaffected co-twins of OCD-affected twins to a sample of control twins (14 pairs, 28 twins).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Non-shared environmental influences were statistically significantly associated with thalamostriatal hypoconnectivity, whereas familial vulnerability was significantly associated with heightened connectivity between the striatum and the medial orbitofrontal cortex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>These findings suggest that non-shared environmental and familial factors may differentially relate to distinct CSTC circuit disturbances in OCD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awag198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:19:41Z","timestamp":1780917581000},"page":"2994-3001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Corticostriatal connectivity in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for obsessive-compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8450-1923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan C","family":"Beucke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems Medicine, Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg , 20457 Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services , Region Stockholm, 11330 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems Medicine, Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg , 20457 Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibai","family":"Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation Imaging, Department of Radiology, Mass General Brigham , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Athinoula A. 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